Chapter 4 Study Guide Flashcards
Piaget was a theorist that believed:
Children build knowledge through exploration with hands on activities.
Gardener was a theorist who believed:
Intelligence is the result of complex interactions between a child’s heredity and experiences
Erikson was a theorist whose:
Eight stages included a social conflict or crisis that must be solved.
Vygotsky what the therapist who:
Contributed the zone of proximal development.
A principal or idea that is proposed research and generally accepted as an explanation is:
Theory
Principal that development proceeds from the head downward
Cephalocaudal
The sequence of biological changes in children
Maturation
Studying and understanding child development are:
Important parts of teaching young children
Referring to a change or growth in children:
Development
Includes a change in bone thickness and weight:
Physical development
Fine motor development involves the:
Small muscles of the hands and fingers.
Emotional development involves the:
Feelings and expressions of feelings.
The spinal cord develops:
BEFORE development in the child’s outer body parts.
Each child moves through development at:
His or her own rate.
Brain development occurs most rapidly during the:
First THREE years of life
The brain contains billions of specialized nerve cells called:
Neurons
The connections between nerve cells occur as:
A child interacts with the environment.
Gardeners theory focuses on:
Multiple intelligences
The sensimotor stage takes place bewteen:
Birth and two years of age
Vygotsky claimed that children learn through:
Social and cultural experiences.
The study of child development is often divided into:
Four main areas
The areas of child development are:
Social emotional cognitive and physical
When the body is under stress it produces a steroid called:
Cortisol.
Naturalistic intelligence is the ability to:
Classify objects in nature such as animals and plants
A child from birth to year 1:
Infant.
Learning to relate to others is called:
social development
According to the proximodistal principle development proceeds:
From the center of the body outward.
What is one factor that causes harmful stress to infants?
Overstimulation
The first six months are key window of opportunity for developing:
Vision
According to Erikson, when do children learn to trust or mistrust their environment?
In the first 18 months of life.
What is adjusting what is already known to fit new information?
Accommodation
Who believed that children moved forward in their cognitive development with the right social interaction and guided learning?
Vygotsky
People with INTERpersonal intelligence display:
Excellent communication and social skills.
Cognitive development refers to:
Processes people use to gain knowledge.
The basic principles of growth and development are:
Universal.
The ability of an infants brain to change according to stimulation is known as:
Plasticity
The critical timing for promoting brain connections related to math is from:
One to four years old
What is a window of opportunity?
Even know if opportunity is framework that identifies key neurological wiring opportunities. 
What happens during a window of opportunity?
Brain synapses link easily, and appropriate learning experiences are most beneficial.
Why is the window of opportunity important?
This is a prime period of time in a child’s life for skill mastery and development if given the opportunity.
What is the objective of Erikson’s 2nd stage, autonomy versus shame/ doubt?
The objective is for children to be independent with clear and consistent limits to build self-esteem.
What does Erikson’s 2nd stage, autonomy versus shame/ doubt help children do?
Self-feeding, using the bathroom, hand washing, teeth brushing, and getting dressed.
What is the zone of proximal development?
It is a tool used for understanding where children are in their development created by Vygotsky. It has on one end what children can do independently, in the middle is what children can do with help, and at the other end is what children cannot do.
What is an example of how the zone of proximal development can be used as a teacher?
It can be used by noticing where a student is having trouble with development of a skill and providing assistance until they are able to do it on their own. The goal is to promote autonomy.
What abilities are included in emotional development?
Identifying feelings, managing strong emotions, and developing empathy.
What are three ways caregivers can assist children in development of vocabulary and speech during the first three years of life?
1.) reading to them.
2.) Talking to them.
3.) guiding them through the taste happening and explaining what is next verbally.
