Chapter 4 Review Questions

Question 1

What is when smaller molecules are built into larger one; requires energy. And process all the materials a cell requires for maintenance growth and repair

Answer 1

Anabolism

Question 2

What is when larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones: releasing energy

Answer 2

Catabolism

Question 3

What type of anabolism joins many simple sugar molecules to form larger molecules of glycogen, which store energy in their chemical bonds

Answer 3

Dehydration synthesis

Question 4

What uses water to break down molecules- type of catabolism

Answer 4

Hydrolysis

Question 5

What is a molecule on which an enzyme acts

Answer 5

Substrate

Question 6

Does each type of enzyme have a different substrate

Answer 6

Yes

Question 7

How does the shape of an enzyme molecule aid it?

Answer 7

It allows it to identify its substrate

Question 8

How does an enzymes polypeptide chain fit the particular shape of its substrate

Answer 8

By twisting and fouling into a unique 3-D conformation

Question 9

What is the part of an enzyme that temporarily binds a substrate

Answer 9

Active site

Question 10

How does negative feedback involving a rate limiting enzyme control a metabolic pathway

Answer 10

Accumulating product inhibits the pathway, and synthesis of the product falls. When the concentration of the product decrease, the inhibition lifts and more product is synthesized. In this way a single enzyme can control a whole pathway, stabilizing the rate of product formation.

Question 11

What helps the active site fold into its appropriate conformation or helps bind the enzyme to its substrate

Answer 11

Cofactors

Question 12

What may a cofactor be

Answer 12

And ion of an element, or a small organic molecule called a coenzyme

Question 13

What are small organic molecules; often composed of vitamin molecules or incorporate altered forms of vitamin molecules

Answer 13

Coenzymes

Question 14

What reactions such as glycolysis don’t need oxygen

Answer 14

Anaerobic

Question 15

What reactions such as the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain require oxygen

Answer 15

Aerobic

Question 16

What is when carrier molecules and enzymes extract energy and store it as ATP, releasing water and heat

Answer 16

Electron transport chain

Question 17

What is when glucose molecules are broken down into pyruvic acid

Answer 17

Glycolysis

Question 18

What is when pyruvic acid molecules enter mitochondria, where CO2 and high energy electrons are released

Answer 18

Citric acid cycle

Question 19

What is the final receptor of the electrons released in the reactions of cellular respiration

Answer 19

Oxygen

Question 20

What is excess glucose in cells linked and stored as

Answer 20

Oxygen

Question 21

What information does FNA provide instructions for in the cell

Answer 21

Synthesize proteins

Question 22

What is a DNA sequence that contains the information for making a particular protein

Answer 22

Gene

Question 23

What is the complete set of genetic instructions in a cell

Answer 23

Genome

Question 24

Describe the events of DNA replication

Answer 24

1. Helicase unwinds the double helix. Hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs of the double strand break. Strands unwind and separate, exposing unpaired bases. 2. DNA polymerase catalyzes new nucleotides to pair with the exposed bases, forming hydrogen bonds. 3. Helicase knits together the new sugar phosphate backbone.

Question 25

What is the process of copying DNA information into a RNA sequence

Answer 25

Transcription

Question 26

What is an assembly of an amino acid chain; protein synthesis

Answer 26

Translation

Question 27

What function does a ribosome play in protein synthesis

Answer 27

There are several ribomsome associated with a strand of mRNA at a stone