Chapter 4: Research Methods

Question 1

Hypothesis Reqs.

Answer 1

1. Must be testable
2. Must be as free of confounds as possible
3. Must be falsifiable

Question 2

Internal Validity

Answer 2

can we say the independent variable is the reason for the dependent variable’s change?

Question 3

Clinical Significance

Answer 3

is the effect meaningful for those effected

Question 4

Epidemiology

Answer 4

the study of incidence, distribution, and issue problems in a population

Question 5

Clinical Trials

Answer 5

an experiment used to determine the effectiveness and safety of treatments, ideally a randomised-controlled one

Question 6

nocebo and placebo

Answer 6

to harm vs to please

Question 7

Allegiance Effect

Answer 7

when a researcher tries harder to see the results they want to see, whether intentional or not

Question 8

Comparative Treatment Groups

Answer 8

both groups are in an experiment to test which treatment (2 are used) yields better results

Question 9

Process Research

Answer 9

focuses on why behaviour changes in relation to a treatment

Question 10

Single-Case Experiment Design

Answer 10

systematic study of individuals under certain experimental conditions; includes repeated measure, withdrawal design, and multiple baseline designs

Question 11

Repeated Measurement Design

Answer 11

the behaviour is measured multiple times before and one time after the independent variable is introduced to help determine if the independent variable was responsible for those changes

Question 12

Withdrawal Design

Answer 12

researchers try to determine if the independent variable was responsible for the changes in behaviour by taking away the independent variable (treatment) to see if the condition/behaviour returns to baseline

Question 13

Multiple Baseline Design

Answer 13

researchers start treatment at different times across settings for different people and behaviours; if someone improved after x event, and someone improved after y event concerning the same issues and treatment, one can be more sure that the treatment has an influence on the person’s life

Question 14

Human genome project

Answer 14

mapping of human genetic information!

Question 15

Endophenotype

Answer 15

how a genotype’s phenotype becomes expressed

Question 16

Fields that study the interaction between the Environment and genetics of psych disorders

Answer 16

Basic genetic epidemiology, advanced genetic epidemiology, gene finding, and molecular genetics

Question 17

Proband

Answer 17

the person/patient with the pattern/trait/condition in question

Question 18

Positive Development Strategies

Answer 18

everyone gets a security blanket of good practices to decrease risk behaviours

Question 19

Universal Prevention Strategies

Answer 19

basically the same thing, the population is focused on to prevent the illness but the individual is not considered

Question 20

Selective Prevention Strategies

Answer 20

focuses on whole groups at risk and makes programmes geared toward them

Question 21

Indicated Prevention Strategies

Answer 21

a preventative measure for those who show signs of the disorder/are at risk but don’t have it yet

Question 22

Cross-Sectional Studies

Answer 22

use groups of people at different ages to compare characteristics

Question 23

Cohort Effect (CSS)

Answer 23

different things may occur without the cause being clear as to whether it is attributable to age or the time period that the people have grown up in

Question 24

Longitudinal studies

Answer 24

follows a group of interest through time collecting multiple measurements

Question 25

Cross-generational effect

Answer 25

differences in generations of people (adults now cannot be generalised to adults that will exist in the future of a longitudinal study)

Question 26

Cross-Sequential Design

Answer 26

both longitudinal and cross-sectional designs are used

Question 27

Programme of Research

Answer 27

many studies all seeking to answer similar questions

Question 28

Informed Consent

Answer 28

1. IRB must approve, ofc
2. Children 7 or older need to be debriefed to the point of understanding