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PSYC-151-01 > Chapter 2: An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology > Flashcards

Chapter 2: An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

Linear/One Dimensional Model

A

tries to trace the origins of behaviour to a single cause

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2
Q

Multidimensional Model

A

attempts to trace the origins of a behavior while considering a plethora of interacting factors

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3
Q

Systemic

A

any particular influence on one’s psychopathology must be considered with context

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4
Q

Vasovagal Syncope

A

low blood pressure in the head/decreased blood flow to the brain

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5
Q

Sinoaortic Baroflex Arc

A

lowers blood pressure after it has been suddenly increased; tends to run in families

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6
Q

Developmental Critical Period

A

where the time is critical for someone’s reaction/formation reaction to something despite possibly having encountered it before

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7
Q

Genes

A

long strands of DNA expressed by the transcription of proteins coded by DNA

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8
Q

Huntington’s Disorder

A

caused by a deterioration of the basal ganglia; appears in the mid 40s and causes changes in personality, motor skills, and cognitive functioning

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9
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

can cause intellectual disabilities if a person is exposed to phenylalanine, a chemical compound in many foods; diet until 6-7

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10
Q

Genome

A

complete set of genetic information

22 = autosomes
1 = gamete pairs
>20,000 genes in the human genome

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11
Q

Nucleotides

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine

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12
Q

Genetic Locus

A

where on a chromosome a gene is located

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13
Q

Polymorphism

A

the many forms an allele can have

most common is SNP (single nucleotide poly)

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14
Q

X Chromosome Count

A

160 million base pairs = ~800 proteins coding genes = <800 being expressed

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15
Q

Mendelian Inheritance

A

when one gene is truly dominant over another and can be predicted

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16
Q

Polygenetic

A

influenced by many genes

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17
Q

Quantitative Genetics

A

studies the contribution of genes that are dimensional traits (phenotypical)

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18
Q

Molecular Genetics

A

examines the DNA structures with tools like DNA microarrays

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19
Q

Kandel 1983

A

suggested that genes that are turned off/unexpressed can be activated through a process of learning as the environment and a person interact with one another

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20
Q

Diathesis Stress Model

A

people inherit a vulnerability to a certain type of psychological disorder that then become activated by stress

the amount depends on the person, but too much of one only takes a little of the other to tip them over

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21
Q

(Reciprocal) Gene-Environment Correlation Model

A

people may have a genetic predisposition to experience stressful events because of their genetics, and therefore feed into potentially being higher risk for certain psychological disorders

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22
Q

Epigenetics

A

the environment having a direct effect on gene expression

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23
Q

Telomeres

A

structures that cap the chromosome to keep them protected, correlating positively with lifespan

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24
Q

Methylation

A

the addition of a CH3 to a CG pair on the promoter region, which inhibits expression

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25
Hydroxymethylation
the addition of a CH2OH to a CG pair on the promoter region, which increases expression
26
Neuroscience
how the nervous system and brain contribute to the understanding of human behaviour, emotions, and cognitive processes
27
Nervous System
made of the spinal cord and the brain, which relay information to one another; sorts what is important and not, and does the right action
28
Neuron Structure
1. Dendrite - receives the information from neurotransmitters, which turn it into an electrical impulse (action potential) 2. Travels to the axon, then to the terminal button, which sends it to another neuron's dendrite 3. Must cross the synaptic cleft/gap
29
Glia
outnumber neurons 10-1!!
30
Monoamine transmiters
Norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine
31
Amino-acid transmitters
GABA, glutamate
32
Serotonin
5 Hydroxytryptamine (5HT) ~6 major circuits around the midbrain Large role in information processing and behaviour May be a biggie on mood disorders
33
Tricyclic antidepressants
affect serotonin systems in the body
34
SSRIs
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; includes medications like Prozac; affects serotonin more directly and used to treat psych disorders like anxiety and eating disorders
35
Norepinephrine
Stimulates the alpha-adrenergic and/or beta-adrenergic receptors Circuits identified in the nervous system Could relate to panic Probably moderate behaviour in general Linked to anxiety and depression
36
Dopamine
catecholamine bc it's similar to epinephrine and norepinephrine Related to schizophrenia and addiction disorders Reserpine may inhibit these receptors; turns on various brain circuits associated with certain kinds of behaviour Linked with serotonin circuits Associated with being outgoing, adventurous, pleasure-seeking Turns on the locomotor system
37
Glutamate
An excitor! Linked to potential psych disorders Have a role in memory Could potentially get overstimulated
38
GABA
An inhibitor! Found before glutamate Reduces things like anxiety Benzodiazepines facilitate connection to neuron receptors (Xanax, Valium) Many subsystems Works on negative and positive arousal Indep of glutamate
39
Brain Circuits
the path(s) that a particular neurotransmitter takes
40
Agonists
increases a neurotransmitter's activity by mimicking it
41
Antagonist
decreases a neurotransmitter's activity by inhibiting it (usually binding to the site to prevent it)
42
Inverse Antagonist
does the opposite function of the targeted neurotransmitter
43
Reuptake
when a neurotransmitter is broken down and brought back across the synaptic cleft to the sending neuron
44
Brain stem
More ancient part of the brain responsible for low evolutionary behaviours and processing Handles important functions like breathing, sleeping, and coordinated movement Made of the hindbrain and the cerebellum
45
Hindbrain
the medulla, pons, and the cerebellum (mayb), responsible for breathing, heart pumping, and digestion
46
Cerebellum
important for movement coordination (could be linked to autism?)
47
Midbrain
Coordinates movement with sensory input and connects it to the reticular activating system Made of the thalamus and hypothalamus
48
Forebrain
More advanced, evolved more recently Made of the limbic system, the basal ganglia, and the cerebral cortex
49
Limbic system (4)
Above the thalamus and hypothalamus Helps regulate emotional experiences and ability to control impulses Contains the hippocampus (seahorse), the cingulate gyrus (girdle), the septum (divider) and the amygdala (almond)
50
Basal Ganglia
At the bottom of the forebrain Contains the caudate (tailed) nucleus Believed to be involved in motor activities (damaging this area can lead to involuntary shaking and changes in posture)
51
Cerebral Cortex
Largest part of the forebrain Contains 80% of all neurons Allows planning, creation, future vision Consists of temporal, parietal, occipital, and frontal
52
Temporal Lobe
At the temples Associated with recognising sights and sounds, and long-term storage of memory
53
Parietal Lobe
Above the temple (directly) Associated with recognising different touch sensations Associated with monitoring body position
54
Occipital
Back Makes sense of various visual inputs
55
Frontal
Split into the prefrontal cortex (front) and the pre-central gyrus Responsible for thinking, reasoning, longterm memory, planning, and uses information from the other parts of the brain to respond to an issue
56
Peripheral Nervous System
Coordinates with the brain to make sure things are functioning properly Made of the somatic and autonomic systems
57
Somatic System
Controls the muscles, part of the PNS Conscious activity monitor
58
Autonomic System
Made of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems Regulates cardiovascular system, digestion, and maintenance like body temp Unconscious activity monitor
59
Sympathetic Nervous System
Part of the autonomic system Mobilises the body when threatened (heart rate, respiration, adrenal gland activation)
60
Parasympathetic Nervous System
balances the sympathetic system by stopping arousal and digesting food to store energy
61
Endocrine System
Secretes hormones into the blood stream Closely related to the immune system Psychoneuroendocrinology Pituitary gland connected to hypothalamus, which activates the cortical part of the adrenal gland, using cortisol + adrenaline (epinephrine), called the HPA axis HTPA = hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical
62
Lesions
areas of damage in the brain e.g. increased activity/damage to the orbital surface, cingulate gyrus and caudate nucleus (areas with high concentration in serotonin) linked to inability to control compulsions and impulsive behaviour
63
Impulsive
acting without thought
64
Compulsive
the urge to perform an action repeatedly
65
Insel, Eslinger, and Damasio's Case Study
man had a surgery that took a bit of his orbital surface, and suddenly became an obsessive-compulsive person *be critical!!
66
Initiating factor
why something has occurred
67
Maintaining Factor
why a state persists
68
exposure and response prevention
gradually exposing the patient to the stimulus and preventing the maladaptive response to reroute the brain
69
Brain-gut connection/psychobiome
some bacteria secrete hormones that act as neurotransmitters and signals to the brain/send information to the body; GABA is produced there
70
Cognitive science
study of how we acquire, process, store, and retrieve information
71
Rescorla's Analysis
allows the brain to generalise and make guesses about the world from previous experience during classical conditioning
72
Learned Helplessness
when a subject realises that there is no way to operate on an environment to relieve an unwanted stimulus
73
Learned Optimism
people who are more positive about the thought of aging tend to live longer
74
Modelling/Observational Learning
viewing another person experiencing a stimulus is enough for the subject to understand and generalise the stimulus
75
Prepared Learning
humans have become primed to learn about certain things because of their evolutionary prevalence to our ancestors; leads to fears that are unreasonable now but useful back then
76
Blindsight/Unconscious vision
the ability to see without the direct input of a visual landscape relaid to the occipital lobe
77
Implicit Memory
memories that you can't necessarily remember, but the function of the purpose they served is evident (e.g. remembering to balance on a bike)
78
Explicit Memory
a memory that can be recalled with detail
79
Stroop Paradigm
reading the colour of words instead of what they say; can be used to uncover unconscious processing
80
Piloerection
when your hair stands on end
81
Emotion
an action tendency elicited by an event and followed by a feeling + physiological response and operates on the approach-avoidance
82
Mood
a more persistent show of personality; a prolonged state/tendency of emotionality
83
Affective Style
how someone tends to express their emotions
84
Mania
when someone is in an exceptionally good mood all the time (that is persistent and doesn't stop)
85
Bipolar Disorder
where people switch between episodes of mania and depression
86
Equifinality
having one effect stem from multiple causes

PSYC-151-01 (18 decks)

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