Chapter 1: Psychopathology in Historical Context

Question 1

Psychological Disorder

Answer 1

a psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning that is atypical or not expected culturally

Question 2

Psychological dysfunction

Answer 2

breakdown of cognitive, behavioural, or emotional processing

Question 3

Distress/Impairment

Answer 3

if a person is extremely upset OR if it impairs their ability to function in normal/everyday life

Question 4

Atypical/Not Culturally Expected

Answer 4

can be culturally defined, could be out of a person’s control

Question 5

DSM-5 Definiton

Answer 5

behavioural, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected (in cultural contexts) and associated with present distress and impairment in functioning OR ↑d risk of suffering, death, pain, or impairment

Question 6

Psychopathology

Answer 6

the study of psychological disorders

Question 7

Psychiatrists

Answer 7

earn an MD, residency 3-4 years, investigating the nature of disorder and focus on biological aspects but offer psychosocial treatments as well

Question 8

Scientist Practitioners (3 things!)

Answer 8

1. Keep up with the latest developments in the field
2. Evaluating their own procedures to see if they work
3. Perform research that produces new information in the field

Question 9

Presenting problem

Answer 9

why a person has visited the clinic

Question 10

Prevalence

Answer 10

how many people in the general population have this disorder

Question 11

Incidence

Answer 11

the amount of new cases in a given period

Question 12

Typical Age of Onset

Answer 12

when a disorder manifests in a measurable way

Question 13

Prognosis

Answer 13

anticipated course of a disorder; good or guarded

Question 14

Course

Answer 14

pattern of a disorder in an individual; chronic, episodic, or time-limited

Question 15

Diagnosis

Answer 15

the identification of the mental illness through examination

Question 16

etiology

Answer 16

the study of origins and why disorders begin

Question 17

Supernatural Model

Answer 17

Used as early as 900 BC, including exorcisms, the story of Charles IV, and possessions

Question 18

Biological Model

Answer 18

something is wrong with the biology of a person; goes back as far as 480 BC with Hippocrates and Galen. The Humoral Theory of disorders, Syphilis, Grey, Kaeplin, and the discovery of electroconvulsive therapy as therapy for mental illnesses!

Question 19

Humoral Theory of Disorders

Answer 19

irregular amounts of yellow bile (liver), black bile (spleen), phlegm (brain), and/or blood (heart)

Question 20

John P Grey

Answer 20

champion of the biological model, editor of what would become the main publications of the American Psychological Association, and helped mental hospitals increase in size; all mental illness was “untreatable” because the causes were purely bioogical

Question 21

Signs

Answer 21

objective, usually physical

Question 22

Symptoms

Answer 22

subjective, usually reported by the person

Question 23

Psychological Model

Answer 23

something is wrong with the psychological development of a person (because of social contexts)

Question 24

Psychosocial Model

Answer 24

focuses on the psychological, social, and cultural factors surrounding a psych disorder

Question 25

Moral Therapy

Answer 25

treating people as normally as possible and reinforcing normal social interactions; very similar to humanistic therapy

Question 26

Psychoanalytic Model

Answer 26

the structure of the mind, inner conflicts, the development, and defence mechanisms; primarily attributed to Freud; usually over a long period of time, and multiple times a week

Question 27

Id

Answer 27

the animal within people!

Question 28

Ego

Answer 28

the manager and rationaliser

Question 29

Supergo

Answer 29

instilled by society, what should be done

Question 30

Defence Mechanisms (7)

Answer 30

- reaction formation - am sad, act happy! - denial - not me, nope - projection - no I'm not, you are! - displacement - third party - rationalisation - reason - repression - back down - sublimation - productive

Question 31

Psychosexual Stages of Development (5)

Answer 31

oral 0-2, anal, phallic, latent, genital

Question 32

Anal retentive

Answer 32

being uptight

Question 33

Anal expulsive

Answer 33

disorganised, chaotic

Question 34

Jung's Collective Unconscious

Answer 34

ancestors have caused information to be deeply stored within an indiv and passed on through generations; supported the enduring personalities, humans are good at the base, inferiority complex and self sabotage ideas underlined the Meyer's Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Question 35

Adler's Question

Answer 35

What would your life look like if you actually achieved your goal? That reality is what you are afraid of also studied birth order, nice

Question 36

Maslov's Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 36

where basic needs are at the bottom, the most self-actualising things are at the top, and everything in between is intermediate

Question 37

Carl Rogers

Answer 37

Most fundamental person in humanistic psych humanistic psych inspired the human potential movements in the 60s and 70s

Question 38

Unconditional Positive Regard

Answer 38

Regarding the patient with empathy and only responding positively

Question 39

Free association

Answer 39

hearing a word and saying whatever first comes to mind; Freud thought that this was unlocking the unconscious mind

Question 40

Countertransference

Answer 40

a therapist relays/creates a positive interaction/relationship with a patient

Question 41

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy

Answer 41

only loosely based on psychoanalysis; seeks to lessen the suffering of those with psych disorders in less time; sought a therapeutic alliance (relationship between patient and therapist)

Question 42

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Qualities (7)

Answer 42

1. Affect and expression of patient’s emotions 2. Exploration of why patients avoid topics or hinder therapy 3. The identification of patterns of feelings, actions, etc in a patient’s relationships 4. Emphasis on past experiences 5. Focus on interpersonal experiences 6. Emphasis on therapeutic relationships 7. Exploration of fantasies, wishes, etc

Question 43

Karen Horney (Horn-eye)

Answer 43

looked at the cultural influences through the psychoanalytic lens; based neurotic needs on a lack of the basic needs during childhood that would manifest in adulthood as an unhealthy/negative obsession

Question 44

Cognitive Behavioural Model

Answer 44

A combination of the cognitive model, the behavioural model, and the social model

Question 45

Pavlov - B

Answer 45

Classical conditioning; UCS paired with CS until it becomes CS, as it elicits the UCR, which then becomes the CR

Question 46

Stimulus generalisation

Answer 46

being able to chunk anything close to the stimulus as being close enough to elicit the same reaction as the stimulus

Question 47

Extinction

Answer 47

when the UCS and CS aren't paired together for a long enough period

Question 48

Watson - B

Answer 48

Lil' Albert experiment, repeated by Jones, a student, with Peter in concern to peter

Question 49

Wolpe - B

Answer 49

Systematic desensitisation; added to the idea of gradual encounters with imagining the feared stimulus getting closer and closer while maintaining a calm state

Question 50

Skinner- B

Answer 50

operant conditioning; the behaviour operates on the environment; wrote Walden Two

Question 51

Shaping

Answer 51

reinforcing approximations to a desired behaviour/set of behaviour

Question 52

Pasteur - GERM THEORY

Answer 52

germ theory 1870, allowed for syphilis and paresis to be corroborated, and used malaria to those with advanced stage syphilis

Question 53

Dorthea Dix

Answer 53

started the Mental Hygiene Movement after seeing he horrible conditions of mental institutions, and though the intentions were good, the efforts increased the number of patients and thus lowered the care standards (moral therapy model cannot work in large groups of people)

Question 54

Integrative Approach to Psychopathology

Answer 54

The way we behave has continuing interactions with the biological (physiological), social (culture, ethnicity, family therapy, etc), and psychological (thoughts, cognitive processes, etc) influences

Question 55

NIMH's Strategic Plan for Research (4, DESS)

Answer 55

1. Define the Brain Mechanisms underlying complex behaviours 2. Examine mental illness trajectories across the lifespan 3. Strive for prevention and cures 4. Strengthen public health impact of research