Chapter 14: Nerodevelopmental Disorders Flashcards
Neurodevelopmental Disorders (5)
- Specific Learning Disorder
- ADHD
- Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Intellectual Disability
- Communication and Motor Disorders
- must be during childhood!!
ADHD
characterised by either inattention and/or hyperactivty/impulsivity
- can either have combined presentation, predominantly inattentive, or predominantly hyperactive
Inattention
inability to sustain focus, to organise, easily distracted, losing things easily, etc
Hyperactivity
interrupting, blurting out, unable to play quietly, problems with fidgeting, difficulty waiting
ADHD Prevalence
1/20 children worldwide could be diagnosed with this
ADHD Etiology
- genetics? chromosome 20?? definitely more than one gene
- require more dopamine to be at rest (always under stimulated)
- maternal smoking
ADHD Treatment
- medication: ritalin, adderall, dexedrine, cylert
- parent training, behaviour reinforcement programming, accommodations, combined treatment
Autism Spectrum Disorder Clusters (3)
- social deficits
- communicative deficits
- restricted behaviour/interests
Dimensional Aspects for Autism Spectrum Disorder (3 levels)
- requiring support
- requiring substantial support
- requiring very substantial support
Autism Spectrum Disorder Prevalence
1/50 children
5:1 males
38% show intellectual disabilities as well
females more likely to have < IQ
20% likelihood of having another child w autism after having the first
Autism Spectrum Disorder Etiology
- significant interaction between oxytocin receptors
Autism Spectrum Disorder Treatment
-multidimensional comprehensive focus
- special education
- focus on communication
- medication, mayb
- support for families
- integrating adults into society
- independence maximisation
- dimensional aspects
Asperger’s Syndrome
- an Autism Spectrum Disorder characterised by high intellectual functioning and low social understanding of others and emotions
Specific Learning Disorder(s)
characterised by the performance in a particular area that is substantially below what would be expected at IQ, age, etc
- response to intervention is used for diagnosis
Response to Intervention
how a child reacts to specific interventions that have been proven to be effective; if they are not as successful as their peers, it is a sign that they may have a SLD
Specific Learning Disorder Categories (3)
- reading
- expression (writing)
- mathematics
Specific Learning Disorder Etiology
- genetic: runs in families, but they are in a clump of genes that affect learning altogether
- neurobiological: may be structural or functional differences in the brain
- broca’s area (word analysis + articulation), left pariotemporal area (word analysis), left occipitotemporal area (recognising word form), and intraparietal sulcus (sense of numbers) - environmental factors
Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Development Disorder)
characterised by significant impairment in many different areas of life that interferes with independence
Intellectual Development Disorder Categories (3)
- conceptual (memory, language, reasoning)
- social (social judgement, ability to maintain friends)
- practical (difficulties managing self care/job responsibilities)
American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Support Scale (4)
- intermittent
- limited
- extensive
- pervasive
Intellectual Developmental Disorder Etiology
- environmental: abuse, neglect, etc
- prenatal
- perinatal
- post natal
- genetics: genetic mutations, single gene disorders, recessive disorders, x-linked genes
- 30% have no identifiable etiology
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
- x linked
- ID and cerebral palsy
- self injurious behaviour
Phenylketonuria
phenylalanine causes ID and seizures because it deposits in the brain
Down Syndrome/Trisomy 21
- caused by an incorrect cell division where they divide into three copies and one, and the singular copy dies
- earlier onset for Alzheimer’s and more likely to suffer from it
