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PSY340 Introduction to Behavioural Therapies > Chapter 4 Reinforcement > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Reinforcement Flashcards

1
Q

abolishing operation

A
  • One type of motivating operation.
  • An event that decreases the potency of a particular reinforcer at a particular time
  • and makes the behaviour that produces the reinforcer less likely to occur.
  • Satiation is a type of abolishing operation.
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2
Q

acquisition

A

The development of a new behaviour through reinforcement.

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3
Q

aversive stimulus

A
  • A stimulus that will decrease the future probability of a behaviour when the stimulus is delivered contingent on the occurrence of the behaviour.
  • Also called a punisher.
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4
Q

avoidance behaviour

A
  • A behaviour that prevents an aversive stimulus.

- The behaviour is negatively reinforced by the avoidance of the aversive event.

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5
Q

backup reinforcer

A
  • Reinforcers used in a token economy.
  • A client receives tokens for desirable behaviours and exchanges a specified number of tokens for any of a variety of backup reinforcers.
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6
Q

concurrent operants

A
  • Two or more of different behaviours or response options are concurrently available for the person.
  • Each response option is associated with a specific reinforcement schedule.
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7
Q

concurrent schedules of reinforcement

A

-Schedules of reinforcement that exist at the same time for two or more different behaviours (which are called concurrent operants).
-Which particular behaviour occurs at a particular time depends on the:
relative schedule of reinforcement,
magnitude of reinforcement,
delay of reinforcement, and
response effort for the available behaviours.

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8
Q

conditioned reinforcer

A
  • A previously neutral stimulus that has been paired a number of times
  • with an established reinforcer
  • and consequently functions as a reinforcer itself.
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9
Q

consequence

A

The stimulus or event occurring immediately after a behaviour.

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10
Q

contigency

A
  • A relationship between a response and a consequence -in which the consequence is presented if and only if the response occurs.
  • When such a relationship exists, the consequence is said to be contingent on the response.
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11
Q

continuous reinforcement (CRF) schedule

A

A schedule of reinforcement in which each instance of the behaviour is followed by the reinforcer.

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12
Q

deprivation

A
  • A condition in which the person has gone without a particular reinforcer for a period of time.
  • Deprivation is a type of establishing operation;
  • it makes the reinforcer the person has gone without more potent.
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13
Q

escape behaviour

A
  • Behaviour that results in the termination of an aversive stimulus.
  • The termination of the aversive stimulus negatively reinforces the behaviour.
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14
Q

establishing operation (EO)

A
  • One type of motivating operation.
  • An event that increases the potency of a particular reinforcer at a particular time and evokes the behaviour that produces the reinforcer.
  • Deprivation is a type of establishing operation.
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15
Q

fixed interval (FI) schedule

A
  • A schedule of reinforcement in which the reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after an interval of time has elapsed.
  • The interval is the same each time.
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16
Q

fixed ratio (FR) schedule

A
  • A schedule of reinforcement in which the specific number of responses must occur before the reinforcer is delivered.
  • The number of responses needed for reinforcement does not change.
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17
Q

generalized conditioned reinforcer

A
  • A conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with a variety of other reinforcers.
  • Money and praise generalized are conditioned reinforcers for many people.
18
Q

intermittent reinforcement schedule

A
  • A schedule of reinforcement in which not every instance of the behaviour is followed by the delivery of the reinforcer.
  • Includes fixed ratio, fixed interval, variable ratio, and variable interval schedules.
19
Q

maintenance

A
  • Continuation of the behaviour change for a long period after the termination of a behaviour modification program.
  • Also, continuation of an operant behaviour with intermittent reinforcement.
20
Q

motivating operation (MO)

A
  • An antecedent stimulus or event that alters the value of a reinforcer and alters the probability of the behaviour that produces the reinforcer.
  • Establishing operations and abolishing operations are two types of MOs.
21
Q

negative reinforcement

A
  • A type of reinforcement in which the occurrence of the behaviour is followed by the removal or avoidance of an aversive stimulus.
  • It results in increase in the future probabillity of the behaviour.
22
Q

operant behaviour

A
  • Behaviour that acts on the environment
  • to produce an immediate consequence and, in turn,
  • is strengthened by that consequence.
23
Q

positive reinforcement

A
  • A type of reinforcement in which, contingent on the behaviour,
  • a stimulus or event is presented
  • and the probability of the behaviour in the future.
24
Q

positive reinforcer

A
  • A stimulus that will increase the future probability of a behaviour
  • when the stimulus is delivered contingent on the occurrence of the behaviour.
25
Q

Premack principle

A

-One type of positive reinforcement in which the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behaviour is made contingent on the occurrence of a low-probability behaviour to increase the low-probability behaviour.

26
Q

reinforcement

A

The process in which the occurrence of a behaviour is followed by a consequence that results in an increase in the future probability of the behaviour.

27
Q

reinforcer

A

A stimulus or event that increases the future probability of a behaviour when it occurs contingent on the occurrence of the behaviour.

28
Q

response

A

A response is one instance or occurrence of a particular behaviour.

29
Q

response effort

A

The amount of force, exertion, or time involved in executing a response. With an increase in response effort for one behaviour, the probability of that behaviour decreases relative to the probability of a functionally equivalent alternative behaviour.

30
Q

satiation

A

Progressive (and ultimately total) loss of effectiveness of a reinforcer. Satiation occurs when you have recently consumed a large amount of a particular reinforcer or when you have had substantial exposure to a reinforcing stimulus.

31
Q

schedule of reinforcement

A

Specifies which responses will be followed by a delivery of the reinforcer. In a continuous reinforcement schedule, every response is followed by the reinforcer. In an intermittant schedule, not every response is followed by the reinforcer.

32
Q

stimulus

A

An environmental event that can be detected by one of the senses.

33
Q

token

A

A conditioned reinforcer used in a token economy. The token is something that can be given to another person and accumulated by that person. The token is a conditioned reinforcer because it is given to the person after a desirable behaviour and is exchanged for esablished reinforcers called backup reinforcers.

34
Q

unconditioned reinforcer

A

A stimulus that is naturally reinforcing because the capacity for our behaviour to be strengthened by the stimulus has survival value. No prior conditioning is necessary for an unconditioned reinforcer to be a reinforcer. Examples include food, water, escape from extreme stimulation, and sexual contact.

35
Q

variable interval (VI) schedule

A

A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response that occurs after a specified time interval is reinforced. The time interval varies around an average value.

36
Q

variable ratio (VR) schedule

A

A schedule of reinforcement in which a specified number of responses is needed for the delivery of the reinforcer. The number of responses needed varies around an average number.

37
Q

What is reinforcement and when does it occur?

A

A basic principle of behaviour. Reinforcement is defined to occur when the occurrence of a behaviour is followed by an immediate consequence that results in a strengthening of the behaviour or an increase in the probability of the behaviour in the future. Reinforcement is the process responsible for the occurrence of operant behaviour.

38
Q

What do positive and negative reinforcement have in common?

A

They both strengthen behaviour.

39
Q

How do positive and negative reinforcement differ?

A

They differ only in whether the consequence of the behaviour is the addition of a stimulus (positive reinforcer) or the removal of a stimulus (negative reinforcer).

40
Q

What factors influence the effectiveness of reinforcement?

A

A reinforcer should be delivered immediately to be the most effective. A reinforcer is most effective when it is contingent on the behaviour (delivered only if the behaviour occurs). Reinforcers are more effective when there is a state of deprivation or some other establishing operation in effect. Generally a reinforcer is more effective the larger its amount of magnitude.

41
Q

Summary 5

A

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PSY340 Introduction to Behavioural Therapies (23 decks)

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