Chapter 3 Graphing Behaviour and Measuring Change

Question 1

Graph

Answer 1

A visual representation of the occurrence of behaviour over time.

Question 2

research design

Answer 2

In behaviour modification, a research design specifies the timing of the baseline and treatment phases for one or more people in an attempt to demonstrate a functional relationship between the treatment and the behaviour.

Question 3

independent variable

Answer 3

In an experiment, the independent variable is the environmental event that is manipulated to influence the dependent variable.

Question 4

dependent variable

Answer 4

In an experiment, the dependent variable refers to the target behaviour that is measured and that changes when the independent variable is introduced.

Question 5

functional relationship

Answer 5

A relationship between a behaviour and an environmental event (or events) in which the occurrence of the behaviour is controlled by the occurrence of the environmental event. A functional relationship is demonstrated in a research design by manipulating the environmental event and showing that if the behaviour changes if and only if the environmental event occurs.

Question 6

A-B design

Answer 6

• A research design consisting of a baseline and a treatment phase
• for the behaviour of one subject
• The A-B design is not a true experimental design because the treatment condition is not replicated
• It is used mostly to document behaviour change in clinical practice.

Question 7

A-B-A-B reversal design

Answer 7

• A research design consisting of a baseline and a treatment phase
• followed by a withdrawal of treatment (the second baseline) and a second implementation of the treatment. -Shows two baseline and treatment phases repeated for the behaviour of one subject.

Question 8

Multiple-baseline design

Answer 8

There are three types of multiple-baseline design:

1. Multiple-baseline-across-subjects design
2. Multiple-baseline-across-behaviours design
3. Multiple-baseline-across-settings design

Presents baseline and treatment phases for one of the following options: multiple behaviours of one subject, or one behaviour of multiple subjects, or one behaviour of one subject across multiple settings. In each type of multiple-baseline design, treatment is staggered across behaviours, subjects, or settings

Question 9

Multiple-baseline-across-subjects design

Answer 9

• A research design in which there is a baseline and treatment phase
• for the two or more people
• exhibiting the same target behaviour.
• The implementation of treatment is staggered across time for each subject.
• The same treatment is used with each subject.

Question 10

Multiple-baseline-across-behaviours design

Answer 10

• A research design in which there is a baseline and a treatment phase
• for two or more behaviours of the same person.
• The implementation of treatment is staggered across time for each of the behaviours.
• The same treatment is implemented for each behaviour.

Question 11

Multiple-baseline-across-settings design

Answer 11

• A research design in which there is a baseline and treatment phase
• for the same behaviour of the same subject
• in two or more different settings.
• Treatment is staggered across time in each of the settings.
• The same treatment is used in each of the settings.

Question 12

Alternating-treatments design (ATD)

Answer 12

• A research design in which baseline and treatment conditions (or two treatment conditions)
• are conducted in rapid succession, typically on alternating days or sessions.
• Baseline and treatment phases can be compared with each other within the same time period.

Question 13

Changing-criterion design

Answer 13

• A research design in which a number of different criterion (goal) levels are set for the behaviour during the treatment phase.
• When the behaviour increases (or decreases) to the criterion level each time that the criterion changes, a functional relationship is established between the treatment and the target behaviour.

Question 14

What are the 6 features of a behaviour modification graph?

Answer 14

1. y-axis and x-axis
2. labels for the y-axis and x-axis
3. units for the y-axis and x-asis
4. data points
5. phase lines
6. phase labels.

Question 15

What do you do to graph behavioural data?

Answer 15

You plot the data points on the graph to reflect the level of the behaviour on the vertical axis (y-axis) and the unit of time on the horizontal axis (y-axis).

Question 16

What are the different dimensions of behaviour you can show on a graph?

Answer 16

• The frequency, duration, intensity and latency of the behaviour.
• A graph may also show the percentage of intervals of the behaviour derived from interval recording or time sample recording or the percentage of opportunities in which the behaviour occurred (e.g., percentage correct).

Question 17

When does a functional relationship between the treatment (independent variable) and the target behaviour (dependent variable) exist?

Answer 17

A functional relationship between the treatment (independent variable) and the target behaviour (dependent variable) exists when the treatment causes the behaviour to change.

Question 18

What are the different research designs you can use in behaviour modification research?

Answer 18

• The A-B design
• The A-B-A-B design
• A multiple-baseline design
• Alternating-treatments design
• Changing-criterion design
• All research designs, except the A-B design, control for the influence of extraneous variables, so that the effectiveness of a treatment can be evaluated.

Question 19

baseline

Answer 19

The condition or phase in which no treatment is implemented.

Question 20

abscissa

Answer 20

The horizontal (x-axis) on a graph. Shows the units of time.

Question 21

ordinate

Answer 21

The vertical axis (y-axis) on a graph. Shows the level of the behaviour.

Question 22

When is a functional relationship or experimental control demonstrated?

Answer 22

• A functional relationship or experimental control is demonstrated when a target behaviour changes after the implementation of treatment
• and the treatment procedure is repeated or replicated one or more times and the behaviour changes each time.