Chapter 15 Differential Reinforcement

Question 1

differential reinforcement of alternative behaviour (DRA)

Answer 1

A procedure for decreasing a problem behaviour by reinforcers a functionally equivalent alternative behaviour (a competing behaviour) to replace the problem behaviour.

Question 2

differential reinforcement of communication (DRC)

Answer 2

• A type of DRA procedure in which a communication response is reinforced to replace the problem behaviour.
• Also called functional communication training.

Question 3

differential reinforcement of an incompatible behaviour (DRI)

Answer 3

-A type of DRA procedure in which a physically incompatible behaviour is reinforced to replace the problem behaviour.

Question 4

differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL)

Answer 4

• A procedure in which a lower rate of a particular behaviour is reinforced to decrease the rate of the behaviour.
• Used when the goal is to decrease but not necessarily eliminate a target behaviour.

Question 5

differential reinforcement of other behaviour (DRO)

Answer 5

• A procedure in which the reinforcer is delivered after intervals of time in which the problem behaviour does not occur.
• DRO involves reinforcing the absence of the problem behaviour.

Question 6

full-session DRL

Answer 6

• A differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL) procedure in which the reinforcer is delivered if fewer than a specified number of responses occur in a specific period (the session).
• It is used to decrease the rate of a behaviour.

Question 7

interresponse time (IRT)

Answer 7

The time between the occurrence of consecutive responses.

Question 8

interval DRL

Answer 8

A type of differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL) procedure that involves dividing a session into consecutive intervals or time and providing the reinforcer if no more than one response occurred in each interval.

Question 9

momentary DRO

Answer 9

• A type of differential reinforcement of other behaviour (DRO) procedure in which the reinforcer is delivered if the person is refraining from the problem behaviour at the end of the DRO interval.
• The problem behaviour does not have to be absent throughout the entire interval for the reinforcer to be delivered.
• Momentary DRO typically is not effective unless it follows the use of a whole-interval DRO procedure.

Question 10

multiple stimulus assessment

Answer 10

• An array of potential reinforcers is presented to the individual (for example, 8 stimuli are presented on a table in front of the person), and the researcher records which potential reinforcer the individual approaches or chooses first.
• This stimulus is then removed from the array and the researcher records which stimulus the individual chooses next.
• That stimulus, in turn, is then removed from the array and the process continues until the individual has approached or chosen all stimuli.
• The array of stimuli is presented a number of times (with the stimuli in different locations on the table each time) to identify the order in which the stimuli are chosen.

Question 11

multiple stimulus without replacement (MSWO)

Answer 11

See multiple stimulus assessment

Question 12

paired stimulus assessment

Answer 12

• Two potential reinforcers (from an array of potential reinforcers) are presented to the individual and the researcher records which stimulus the individual approaches.
• Each stimulus is presented with every other stimulus multiple times and the researcher calculates the percentage of times that the individual approaches each stimulus, indicating which stimuli are likely to be reinforcers.

Question 13

preference assessment

Answer 13

A process of identifying reinforcers for an individual that involves presenting potential reinforcers and measuring whether the individual approaches, manipulates, or consumes the item.

• Preference assessments can be conducted in at least three different ways:
  1) single stimulus assessment
  2) paired stimulus assessment
  3) multiple stimulus assessment.

Question 14

reinforcer assessment

Answer 14

A process in which an item from a preference assessment is delivered contingent on a behaviour to see if the behaviour increases. If the behaviour increases, the item functions as a reinforcer.

Question 15

spaced-responding DRL

Answer 15

• A type of differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL) procedure in which the reinforcer is delivered when responses are separated by a specific time interval.
• If a response occurs before the interval has ended, the reinforcer is not delivered and the interval is reset.
• The interval between responses is called interresponse time.

Question 16

stereotypic behaviour

Answer 16

• Repetitive behaviours that do not serve any social function for the individual.
• They are often called self-stimulatory behaviours because they function to produce some form of sensory stimulation for the individual.

Question 17

single stimulus assessment

Answer 17

• Each potential reinforcer (from an array of potential reinforcers) is presented (i.e., put on a table in front of the child), one at a time, to see whether the individual approaches the stimulus or not.
• After each stimulus is presented numerous times, the researcher calculates the percentage of times that the individual approached each stimulus to indicate which stimuli are likely to be reinforcers.

Question 18

whole-interval DRO

Answer 18

A type of differential reinforcement of other behaviour (DRO) procedure in which the problem behaviour must be absent throughout the entire interval of time for the reinforcer to be delivered. Most DRO procedures involve whole-interval DRO.

Question 19

summary 1

Answer 19

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Question 20

summary 2

Answer 20

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Question 21

summary 3

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Question 22

summary 4

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Question 23

summary 5

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