Chapter 4: Human Development (1B) Flashcards
What are synapses?
Points where information is transmitted between two neurons; during development, many more connections are made between neurons that are needed.
What is synaptic pruning?
A loss of unnecessary connections between two neurons; a common event during development
What is myelination?
The development of fatty deposits on neurons that allow electric impulses to pass through neurons more efficiently
What are reflexes?
Programmed reactions to certain cues that do not require any conscious thought to perform
What is rooting reflex?
Is when you touch the corner of the infants cheek and the infant turns toward the stimulation and begins to suck;helps infant begin feeding
What is the grasping reflex?
It is when you press your finger against infants palm the infant grasps finger and holds on; allows infant to hold onto caregiver for safety
What is the Moro reflex?
When the infant is lying flat on a blanket, slap the blanket sharply on either side of the head to startle the infant and infant flights arms outward and then inward in a hugging motion;may help infant hold onto caregiver when support is lost
What is the babinski reflex?
It is when you stroke the sole of an infant’s foot and the toes spread apart; its presence indicates the integration of the nervous system
What is cognitive development?
Changes in thinking that occur over time
What is a scheme?
Mental structures we use to understand our thinking about the world
What is assimilation?
A way of including new information or experiences into an existing scheme
What is accommodation?
Altering schemes to include new knowledge
What is equilibrium?
Balance in a mental framework
What is piaget’s sensorimotor stage?
It is rom birth to two years of age. It is learning through senses and motor actions
What is object permanence?
the understanding that objects exist when they can not be seen ( paper in front of toy, toy is still there)
What is piaget’s Peroperational stage?
It is the stage from two-seven years. When a child begins to develop ideas of objects in the external world and the ability to work them in their mind
What is egocentrism?
Inability to take the perspective of another person.
(Jims brother )
What is conservation?
It is the undertakings that certain properties of an object (such as volume and number) remain the same despite the changes in the objects outward experience
What is the concrete operational period/ what is operations?
Operations is hen children develop the ability to hold and idea in their minds and mental manipulate it. Children can talk about complex relationships;however these discussion are limited to understanding ideas about real-world relationships. Ages 7-12
What is the formal operational stage of Piaget’s theory?
It is from the ages of 11-12 and older, where children achieve the ability to use hypothetical deductive reason and abstract thought
What is the information processing theory?
The study study of how children, learn, ember, organize, and use information from their environment - a focus on what they can do.
What is Theory of mind?
An awareness of ones own mental states and the states of others ( 4-5 YEAR OLDS ) mom placing cookies somewhere kid looking in that place for cookies
What is scaffolding?
Developmental adjustments that adults make to give children the help they need, but not so much that they fail moving forward.
What is the zone of proximal development?
The gap between what a child could accomplish alone and what a child can accomplish with the help of others.
What is temperament?
biologically-based tendencies to respond certain situations in similar ways throughout our lifetimes
What is easy temperament?
This is about 40% of babies, they are described as easy, cheerful, regular in routines, and open to novelty
What is difficult temperament?
About 10% of babies, they tend to irritable and likely to have intensely negative reactions to changes or new situations
What is slow-to-warm-up temperaments?
About 15% of babies, they are less active and less responsive than other babies, in vernal they tend to withdraw in the face of change but it is not as sharply negative
What is unique temperament?
About 35% of babies, they show unique blends of characteristics from the other categories. EX: baby being cautious in new situations while still having regular routines and being relatively cheerful
