Chapter 15: Disorders (6B + 6C) Flashcards
What is depression?
Low, sad state in which people feel overwhelmed
What is major depressive disorder?
A disorder characterized by a depressed mood that is sighnificantly disabling and is not caused by such factors as drugs or general medical condition
What is mania?
euphoria and frenzied energy
What is bipolar disorder?
Periods of mania alternate with periods of depression
What are emotional and motivational symptoms of Major depressive disorder?
Emotional: depressed mood
Motivational: loss of desire to do usual activities , lack of drive
What are some behavioural symptoms of major depressive disorder?
Behavioural: less active and productive, may mov and speak slowly and seem physically agitated
What are some cognitive and physical symptoms of major depressive disorder ?
Cognitive: negative self-evaluation, self-blame, pessimism, guilt, indecisiveness, difficult concentrating, thoughts of death or suicide
Physical: headaches, indigestion, constipation, dizzy spells, pain, sleep and eating disturbance, fatigue
What are some neuroscientists explanations for major depressive disorder?
- Genetic predisposition
- low norepinephrine and serotonin activity
- high cortisol
What are some socio-cultural theorists explaintions for major depressive disorder?
- lack of social support
- stressors
What are cognitive behavioural theorists explanations for major depressive disorder?
- learned helplessness
- Attribution-helplessness theory
- negative thinking
- illogical thinking process
- automatic thoughts
- cognitive triad
What are symtoms of bipolar disorder in the five areas of functioning
Emotional: powerful highs and lows
Motivational: seek excitements and companionship
Behavioural - may move and speak quickly
Cognitive - poor judgment and planning, optimism, grandiosity
Physical: energized, require little sleep
Neuroscietsts Explanations for bipolar disorder?
- gene abnormalities
- ion dysregulation and reduced sodium pump activity
- stress plus biological predisposition
- life events - striving, failures
What is anxiety?
It is when individuals face disabling levels of fear or anxiety that frequent, severe, persistent, or easily triggered. They usually have at least three of these:
- restlessness
- keyed-up behaviour
- fatigue
- difficulty concentrating
- Muscle tension
- Sleep problems
What is the cognitive behavioural stance of anxiety disorder?
- Assumption that one is in danger
- Intolerance of certainty theory - unwilling to accept negative events
What is the neuroscientist stance on Anxiety disorder?
- Malfunctioning GABA system
- Malfunctioning emotional Brian circuit
What is social anxiety disorder?
An anxiety disorder in which people feel severe, persistent, and irrational fears of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur
What are the cognitive behavioural explanations for social anxiety disorder?
- unrealistically high social standards
- View one sled as socially unattractive
- view oneself as socially unskilled and inadequate
- Belief that one is in danger of behaving incompetently
-Belief that one has no control over anxious feelings ins social situations - Expect negative consequences for clumsy behaviour
What is a phobia?
Persistent, unreasonable fear of a specific object, activity or situation
What are some explanations for phobias?
- Classically conditioned fear
- Avoidance behaviours are reinforced through operant conditioning
- Modelling of fearful behaviour
What is a panic attack?
Periodic sudden bouts of panic
What is paid disorder?
An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and unpredictable panic attacks that occur without apparent provocation
- May misinterpret panic as a sign of medical emergency
What are some explanations for panic disorder?
- Malfunctioning brain circuit and excess norepinephrine
- Misinterpretation of bodily sensations
What are obsessions?
Persistent thoughts ideas, impulses or images that seem to invade a person’s consciousness
What are compulsions?
Irrational repetitive and rigid behaviours or mental acts that people feel compelled to performs to prevent or reduce anxiety
What is OCD?
A mental disorder associate with repeated abnormal anxiety provoking thoughts and/or repeated rigid behaviours
What are some cognitive explanations OCD
- accidental associations
- learning that compulsive behaviour relieves anxiety
What are neuroscientists explanations for OCD?
- low serotonin activity
- overactive orbitofrontal cortex and caudate nuclei
- Cingulate cortex and hypothalamus active OCD impulses
- Amygdala drives dear and anxiety components of the OCD response
What is acute stress disorder?
An anxiety disorder in which fear and related symptoms are experiences soon after a traumatic event and last less than a month
What is post traumatic stress disorder?
An anxiety disorder in which fear and related symptoms continue to be experienced long after a traumatic event
What are some symptoms of acute and post traumatic stress disorder?
- high levels of ongoing anxiety and depression
- hyper-alertness
- easily startled
- trouble concentrating and remembering
- sleep problems
- guilt
- recurring thoughts, memories, dreams nightmares
- detached
Wat are some explanations for PTSD
- Biological and genetic factors : abnormal cortisol and norepinephrine levels, damaged hippocampus and amygdala
- Personality, attitudes, coping styles
- childhood expirences
- weak social and family support
What is schizophrenia?
A mental disorder characterized by disorganized thoughts, lack of contact with reality,and sometimes hallucinations
What are positive symptoms?
Symptoms that seem to represent pathological excesses in behaviour, including delusions, disorganized thinking and speech hallucinations, and inappropriate affect
What are delusions?
Blatantly false beliefs that are firmly held despite evidence to the contrary
What are loose associations or derailment?
A common thought disorder of schizophrenia, characterized by rapid shifts from one topic to another
What are hallucinations?
Imagined sights, sounds or others sensory events experiences as if they were real
What is inappropriate affect?
Emotions that are unsuited to the situation
What are negative symptoms?
Symptoms that seem to reflect pathological deficits, including poverty of speech, flat affect, loss of volition and social withdrawal.
What are some affected cognitive functions of schizophrenia?
- memory
- executive function
- attention
- working memory
- intelligence
What is Catalonia?
Extreme psychomotor symptoms of schizophrenia including at atomic stupid, catatonic rigidity, and catatonic posturing
What are some neuroscientists explanations for schizophrenia?
- Genetic predisposition
- diathesis-stress model: biological predisposition plus negative event
- Excessive dopamine activity
- Enlarged ventricles, small temporal lobes and frontal lobes and structural abnormalities of the hippocampus,amygdala and thalamus
