Chapter 11: Mottivation And Emotion (2A) Flashcards
What is motivation?
Any internal process or condition that directs behaviour
What is motive?
A need or desire
What is the instinct theory?
Peoples are motivated by their biological (innate) instincts
What are instincts?
Inborn behavioural tendencies, activated by stimuli in our environments EX: newborn reflexes
What is the drive reduction theory?
Belief that a physiological need creates an aroused state that drives (motivates) us to reduce that need. restores balance or equilibrium - HOMEOSTASIS.
What is the arousal theory?
We are motivated to peruse an optimum level of stimulation.
- Some motivated behaviours increase arousal.
- Some motivated behaviours decrease arousal.
What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law?
Ideal performance on task occurs when the arousal level is optimized
What is intrinsic motivation?
Engaging in behaviour simply for the satisfaction that is a part of doing it
What is extrinsic motivation?
Engaging in behaviour due to the influence of factors outside ourselves
What are incentives?
External motives that indirectly indicate reward
What are primary incentives?
rewards (food) or punishments (pain) that are innate .
What are Secondary incentives?
Cues that are veiled as rewarding as a result of learning about their association with other events (work for money)
What are physiological needs?
Hunger, thirst, and maintenance of internal state of the body
What are safety needs?
To feel secure and safe, to seek pleasure and avoid pain
What are belonging and love needs?
To affiliate with others, be accepted and give and receive attention
What are esteem needs?
To achieve to compensating, to gain approval, and to excel
What are self-actualization needs?
To find self-fulfilment and realize ones potential
Describe the biological motivation of thirst?
We lose water throughout the day, it is critical for survival. We are motivated to drink to:
1. Maintain the volume in our bodies
2. Maintain the ions-to-water balance inside our cells
What are gastrointestinal signals?
Empty stomach and levels of nutrients in our bloodstream
What are chemical signals?
Levels of glucose (blood sugar), lipids (produced wheat he body breaks down from fats form food), and Leptin (realized from fat cells as they grow)
What is the LH and what ones it signal?
LH is the lateral hypothalamus in the brain that signals hunger and thirst
What is dual-centre theory of motivation?
Activity in one area serves to inhibit that area and serves the opposite function
What is Prader-Willi syndrome?
It causes an unstoppable appetite, which is related to hypothalamus dysfunction
What is body weight set point?
A weight that individuals typically return to even after dieting or overeating. Permanent eating and exercise changes as well as monitoring weight override set point controls.
What is obesity?
It is when body mass index is higher than 30
What is body mass index
It is the weight to heigh ratio
What are some causes of obesity?
- Genetics
- Environmental/social - socioeconomic status, portion sizes, social eating, social circle
- Psychological - self-regulation
Describe anorexia nervosa?
- Preoccupied with becoming or being fat
- Distorted body image of being overweight
- Extreme dieting and dangerous weight loss
- May result in death (10% of cases)
- More common in females
- Affects 1 in 300 young women in Canada
What are some treatments to Anorexia Nervosa?
- Cognitive-behavioural therapy
- Nutritional counselling
- Hospitalization
- Family therapy
Describe Bulimia Nervosa?
- Induce vomiting
- Cycle of binging and purging
- Use laxatives
- Exercise excessively
- May result in mental and dental problems
- Secretive and ashamed about binder and purge behaviour
- Do not appear to be underweight
- More common in females
- Affects 1 out of 100 young women in Canada
What are some associations with Bulima?
- Obsessive compulsiveness
- Anxiety and depression
- Self-harming behaviours
What are some treatments for Bulimia?
- Behaviour modification
- Reward healthy behaviour
- Cognitive therapy
- Dvelop healthier views of self and of eating
- Antidepressant and other drug treatments
Describe binge eating disorders?
- Out-of-control eating of large amount of food at one time
- Multiple times per week over months or years
- Psychological distress, negative emotional states
- Loss of control over food/inability to stop eating
- more common in women and those who are obese
- eating is done quickly and when full
- Done alone and with self loathing and shame
What are some treatments for Binge eating?
- Cognitive behaviour therapy
- Antidepressant drugs
