Chapter 4: Human Development (1A) Flashcards
What is cross-sectional design?
It compares groups of different-aged people to one another at a single point in time
what s the longitudinal design?
Studies the same group of individuals over multiple time points
What are some advantages to the cross-sectional design?
Easy, straightforward, convenient, and yields information about different ages
What are some disadvantages to the cross-sectional design?
Assumes changes are the result of age, can not separate cohort effects from age effects, does not provide much explanation of how or when age related changes may have occurred
What are some advantages of the longitudinal design:
Observed changes are a function of time and developmental experiences
What are some disadvantages to the longitudinal design?
Takes a very long time, many participants drop out, cohort effects are not controlled, expensive?
What is the cohort sequential design?
It is a combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, it’s designed to look at both how individuals from different age groups compare to one another and to follow them over time
What is nature?
Our genetic inheritance
What is Nurture?
Our environment and our experiences
What is maturation?
The unfolding of development in a particular sequence and time frame.
What is epigenetic?
Changes in gene expression that are independent of the DNA sequence of he gene
What are genes?
Basic building blocks of our biological inheritance
What is DNA?
Molecules in which genetic information is enclosed
What are chromosomes?
Strands of DNA; each human being has 46 chromosomes, distributed in pairs.
What is an allele?
Variation of a gene
What is homozygous?
Both parents contribute the same genetic material for a particular trait
What is heterozygous?
Parents contribute two different alleles to offspring
What is genotype?
A persons genetic inheritance
What is phenotype?
The way in which genes are expressed; the observed characteristic of the genes
What is a dominant trait?
A trait that is expressed in the phenotype regardless of weather the genotype is homozygous or heterozygous
What is a recessive trait?
A trait that is only expressed in the phenotype if the genotype is homozygous?
What is codominance?
A phenotype expressing both traits that are coded for by a heterozygous genotype
What is the germinal peroid?
Time from ovulation to implantation from 0-2 weeks. Where the egg leaves the ovary, then it is fertilized in the fallopian tube-now called a zygote, then makes its way to the uterus for implantation and growth
What is the embryo?
It is 3-8 weeks post conception; all the major organs develop during this time
What is a fetus?
8-40 weeks; rapid growth
What is a teratogen?
It is any substance, including some diseases that cause damage during the prenatal period
What are the harm done by teratogens dependant upon?
Dose, timing and extent of exposure, age of the organism (zygote,embryo, or fetus)
What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
It is caused by early prenatal exposure to alcohol, which may present several characteristic facial features Ex: short eyelid opening and thin upper lip, also smooth philtrum (the groove between the bottoms of the nose and the crease of the upper lip
