Chapter 4- Classical Civilization In The Mediterranean: Greece And Rome

Question 0

Zoroastrianism

Answer 0

Animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; righteous lived on after death in “House of Song”; chief religion of Persian Empire

Question 1

Cyrus the Great

Answer 1

Established massive Persian Empire by 550 B.C.E.; successor state to Mesopotamian empires

Question 2

Olympic Games

Answer 2

One of the pan-Hellenic rituals observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations

Question 3

Pericles

Answer 3

Athenian political leader during 5th century B.C.E.; guided development of Athenian Empire; died during early stages of Peloponnesian War

Question 4

Peloponnesian Wars

Answer 4

Wars from 431 to 404 B.C.E. Between Athens and Sparta for dominance in southern Greece; resulted in Spartan victory but failure to achieve political unification of Greece

Question 5

Philip II of Macedon

Answer 5

Ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 B.C.E.; founder of centralized Kingdom; later conquered rest of Greece, which was subjected to Macedonian authority

Question 6

Hellenistic period

Answer 6

That culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquests; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms

Question 7

Alexandria, Egypt

Answer 7

One of many cities of that name founded by Alexander the Great; site of ancient Mediterranean’s greatest library; center of literary studies

Question 8

Roman republic

Answer 8

The balanced constitution of Rome from c. 510 to 47 B.C.E.; featured an aristocratic Senate, a panel of magistrates, and several popular assemblies

Question 9

Punic Wars

Answer 9

Fought between Rome and Carthage to establish dominance in the western Mediterranean; won by Rome after three separate conflicts

Question 10

Carthage

Answer 10

Originally a Phoenician colony in Northern Africa; became a major port and commercial power in the western Mediterranean; fought the Punic Wars with Rome for dominance of the western Mediterranean

Question 11

Hannibal

Answer 11

Great Carthaginian general during Second Punic War; successfully invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome; finally defeated at Battle of Zama

Question 12

Julius Caesar

Answer 12

Roman general responsible for conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated in 44 B.C.E. By conservative senators

Question 13

Augustus Caesar

Answer 13

Name given to Octavian following his defeat of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra; first emperor of Rome

Question 14

Diocletian

Answer 14

Roman emperor from 284 to 305 C.E.; restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection

Question 15

Constantine

Answer 15

Roman emperor from 312 to 337 C.E.; established second capital at Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spiritually

Question 16

Polis

Answer 16

City-state form of government; typical of Greek political organization from 800 to 400 B.C.E.

Question 17

Direct Democracy

Answer 17

Literally rule of the people; as interpreted in Athens, all decisions emanated from popular assembly without intermediation of elected representatives

Question 18

Senate

Answer 18

Assembly of Roman aristocrats; advised on policy within the republic; one of the early elements of the Roman constitution

Question 19

Consuls

Answer 19

Two chief executives of magistrates of the Roman republic; elected by an annual assembly dominated by aristocracy

Question 20

Cicero

Answer 20

Conservative Roman senator; stoic philosopher; one of great orators of his days; killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar

Question 21

Aristotle

Answer 21

Greek philosopher; teacher of Alexander the Great; knowledge based on observation of phenomena in material world

Question 22

Stoics

Answer 22

Hellenistic group of philosophers; emphasized inner moral independence cultivated by strict discipline of the body and personal bravery

Question 23

Socrates

Answer 23

Athenian philosopher of later 5th century B.C.E.; tutor of Plato; urged rational reflection of moral decisions; condemned to death for corrupting minds of Athenian young

Question 24

Plato

Answer 24

Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal form of government based on abstract principles in which philosophers ruled

Question 25

Sophocles

Answer 25

Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex

Question 26

Iliad

Answer 26

Greek epic poem attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined Gods and human nature that shaped Greek mythos

Question 27

Odyssey

Answer 27

Greek epic poem attributed to Homer but possibly the work of many authors; defined Gods and human nature that shaped Greek mythos

Question 28

Doric

Answer 28

Along with Ionian and Corinthian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the least ornate of the three styles

Question 29

Ionic

Answer 29

Along with Doric and Corinthian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; more ornate then Doric but less than Corinthian

Question 30

Corinthian

Answer 30

Along with Doric and Ionian, distinct style of Hellenistic architecture; the most ornate of the three styles