Chapter 23 Flashcards
Age of Revolution
Period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1755 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848
Industrial Revolution
Series of changes in economy of western nations between 1740 and 20th century; stimulated by rapid population growth, increase in agricultural productivity, commercial revolution of 17th century, and development of new means of transportation, in essence involved technological change and the application of machines to the process of production
Population Revolution
Huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to Industrial Revolution; population of France increased 50 percent, England and Prussia 100 percent
Proto-industrialization
Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full-or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution
American Revolution
Rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783; resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of United States of America
French Revolution
Revolution in France between 1789 and 1800; resulted in overthrow of Bourbon monarchy and old regimes; ended with establishment of French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte; source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe
Louis XVI
Bourbon monarch of France who executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
Adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution (1789); stated the fundamental equality of all French citizens; later became a political source for other liberal movements
Guillotine
Introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized to execute thousands during the most radical phase of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror
Nationalism
During the revolutions radical phase, many French petiole felt an active loyalty to the new regime- to a state they believed they had helped create
Napoleon Bonaparte
Rose within the French army during the wars of the French Revolution; eventually became general; led a coup that ended the French Revolution; established French Empire under his rule; defeated and deposed in 1815
Congress of Vienna
Meeting in the aftermath of Napoleonic Wars (1815) to restore political stability in Europe and settle diplomatic disputes
Conservatives
Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; opposed revolutionary goals; advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of church
Liberals
Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments
Radicals
Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century century; advocated broader voting rights than liberals; in some cases advocated outright democracy; urged reforms in favor of the lower classes.
Greek Revolution
Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans
Reform Bill of 1832
Legislation passed in great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britian
Chartist movement
Attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the vote during the 1840s; demands for reform beyond the Reform Bill of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movement failed
Louis Pasteur
Discoverer of germs; discovery led to more conscientious sanitary regulation by the 1880s
Benjamin Disraeli
Leading conservative political figure in Britain in the second half of the 19th century; took initiative of granting vote to working-class males in 1867; typical of conservative politician making use of popular politics
Count Camillo di Cavour
Architect of Italian unification in 1858; formed an alliance with France to attack Austrian control of northern Italy; resulted in creation of constitutional monarchy under Piedmontese king
Otto Von Bismarck
Conservative prime minister of Prussia, architect of German unification under Prussian king in 1870; utilized liberal reforms to attract support for conservative causes
American Civil War
Fought from 1861 to 1865; first application of Industrial Revolution to warfare; resulted in abolition of slavery in United States and reunification of north and south
Transformismo
Political system in late 19th-century Italy that promoted alliance of conservatives and liberals; parliamentary deputies of all parties supported the status quo
Social question
Issues relating to repressed classes in Western Europe during the Industrial Revolution, particularly workers and woman; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870
Socialism
Political movement with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; urged an attack on private property in the name of the equality; wanted state control of means of production, end to Capitalist exploitation of the working man
Karl Marx
German socialist of the mid-19th century: blasted earlier socialist movements as utopian; saw history as defined by class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached necessity of social revolution to create proletarian dictatorship
Revisionism
Socialist movements that at least tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine; believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions
Feminist Movements
Sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on right to vote; won support particularly from middle-class woman; active in Western Europe at the end of the 19th century; revived in light of other issues in the 1960s
Mass leisure culture
An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; based on newspapers, music halls, popular theater, vacation trips and team sports
Charles Darwin
Biologist who developed theory of evolution of species (1859); argued that all living species evolved into their present form through the ability to adapt in a struggle for survival
Albert Einsetein
Developed mathematical theories to explain the behaviors of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; after 1900 issued theory of relativity
Sigmund Freud
Viennese physician (19th-20th centuries); developed theories of the workings of the human subconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses
Romanticism
Artistic and literary movement of the 19th century in Europe; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature, sought to portray passions, not calm function
Triple Alliance
Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I
Triple Entente
Alliance among Britain, Russia, and France at the outset of the 20th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I
Balkan Nationalism
Movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire; provoked a series of crisis within the European alliance system; eventually led to World War I
