Chapter 23

Question 0

Age of Revolution

Answer 0

Period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1755 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848

Question 1

Industrial Revolution

Answer 1

Series of changes in economy of western nations between 1740 and 20th century; stimulated by rapid population growth, increase in agricultural productivity, commercial revolution of 17th century, and development of new means of transportation, in essence involved technological change and the application of machines to the process of production

Question 2

Population Revolution

Answer 2

Huge growth in population in Western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to Industrial Revolution; population of France increased 50 percent, England and Prussia 100 percent

Question 3

Proto-industrialization

Answer 3

Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy in Europe; workers become full-or part-time producers of textile and metal products, working at home but in a capitalist system in which materials, work orders, and ultimate sales depended on urban merchants; prelude to Industrial Revolution

Question 4

American Revolution

Answer 4

Rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783; resulted in independence for former British colonies and eventual formation of United States of America

Question 5

French Revolution

Answer 5

Revolution in France between 1789 and 1800; resulted in overthrow of Bourbon monarchy and old regimes; ended with establishment of French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte; source of many liberal movements and constitutions in Europe

Question 6

Louis XVI

Answer 6

Bourbon monarch of France who executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution

Question 7

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

Answer 7

Adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution (1789); stated the fundamental equality of all French citizens; later became a political source for other liberal movements

Question 8

Guillotine

Answer 8

Introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized to execute thousands during the most radical phase of the French Revolution known as the Reign of Terror

Question 9

Nationalism

Answer 9

During the revolutions radical phase, many French petiole felt an active loyalty to the new regime- to a state they believed they had helped create

Question 10

Napoleon Bonaparte

Answer 10

Rose within the French army during the wars of the French Revolution; eventually became general; led a coup that ended the French Revolution; established French Empire under his rule; defeated and deposed in 1815

Question 11

Congress of Vienna

Answer 11

Meeting in the aftermath of Napoleonic Wars (1815) to restore political stability in Europe and settle diplomatic disputes

Question 12

Conservatives

Answer 12

Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; opposed revolutionary goals; advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of church

Question 13

Liberals

Answer 13

Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; stressed limited state interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments

Question 14

Radicals

Answer 14

Political viewpoint with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century century; advocated broader voting rights than liberals; in some cases advocated outright democracy; urged reforms in favor of the lower classes.

Question 15

Greek Revolution

Answer 15

Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans

Question 16

Reform Bill of 1832

Answer 16

Legislation passed in great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britian

Question 17

Chartist movement

Answer 17

Attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the vote during the 1840s; demands for reform beyond the Reform Bill of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movement failed

Question 18

Louis Pasteur

Answer 18

Discoverer of germs; discovery led to more conscientious sanitary regulation by the 1880s

Question 19

Benjamin Disraeli

Answer 19

Leading conservative political figure in Britain in the second half of the 19th century; took initiative of granting vote to working-class males in 1867; typical of conservative politician making use of popular politics

Question 20

Count Camillo di Cavour

Answer 20

Architect of Italian unification in 1858; formed an alliance with France to attack Austrian control of northern Italy; resulted in creation of constitutional monarchy under Piedmontese king

Question 21

Otto Von Bismarck

Answer 21

Conservative prime minister of Prussia, architect of German unification under Prussian king in 1870; utilized liberal reforms to attract support for conservative causes

Question 22

American Civil War

Answer 22

Fought from 1861 to 1865; first application of Industrial Revolution to warfare; resulted in abolition of slavery in United States and reunification of north and south

Question 23

Transformismo

Answer 23

Political system in late 19th-century Italy that promoted alliance of conservatives and liberals; parliamentary deputies of all parties supported the status quo

Question 24

Social question

Answer 24

Issues relating to repressed classes in Western Europe during the Industrial Revolution, particularly workers and woman; became more critical than constitutional issues after 1870

Question 25

Socialism

Answer 25

Political movement with origins in Western Europe during the 19th century; urged an attack on private property in the name of the equality; wanted state control of means of production, end to Capitalist exploitation of the working man

Question 26

Karl Marx

Answer 26

German socialist of the mid-19th century: blasted earlier socialist movements as utopian; saw history as defined by class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached necessity of social revolution to create proletarian dictatorship

Question 27

Revisionism

Answer 27

Socialist movements that at least tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine; believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions

Question 28

Feminist Movements

Answer 28

Sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on right to vote; won support particularly from middle-class woman; active in Western Europe at the end of the 19th century; revived in light of other issues in the 1960s

Question 29

Mass leisure culture

Answer 29

An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; based on newspapers, music halls, popular theater, vacation trips and team sports

Question 30

Charles Darwin

Answer 30

Biologist who developed theory of evolution of species (1859); argued that all living species evolved into their present form through the ability to adapt in a struggle for survival

Question 31

Albert Einsetein

Answer 31

Developed mathematical theories to explain the behaviors of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; after 1900 issued theory of relativity

Question 32

Sigmund Freud

Answer 32

Viennese physician (19th-20th centuries); developed theories of the workings of the human subconscious; argued that behavior is determined by impulses

Question 33

Romanticism

Answer 33

Artistic and literary movement of the 19th century in Europe; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature, sought to portray passions, not calm function

Question 34

Triple Alliance

Answer 34

Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I

Question 35

Triple Entente

Answer 35

Alliance among Britain, Russia, and France at the outset of the 20th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I

Question 36

Balkan Nationalism

Answer 36

Movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire; provoked a series of crisis within the European alliance system; eventually led to World War I