Chapter 28 Flashcards
Archduke Ferdinand
Heir apparent to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination in Sarajevo started World War I
Western Front
Front established in World War I; generally; along line from Belgium to Switzerland; featured trench warfare and horrendous casualties for all sides in the conflict
Sarajevo
Administrative center of the Bosnian province of Austrian Empire; assassination here of Archduke Ferdinand in 1914 started World War I
Nicholas II
Tsar of Russia 1894–1917; forcefully suppressed political opposition and resisted constitutional government; deposed by revolution in 1917
Gallipoli
Peninsula south of Instanbul; site of decisive 1915 circus Turkish victory over Australian and New Zealand forces under British command during World War I
Armenians genocide
Assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915; over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and the Middle East
Eastern Front
Most mobile of the fronts established during World War I; lacked trench warfare because of the length of front extending from the Baltic to southern Russia; after early successes, military defeats lead to downfall of that tsarist government in Russia
Adolf Hitler
Nazi leader of fascist Germany from 1933 to a suicide in 1945; created a strongly centralized state in Germany seminar; eliminated all rivals; launched Germany on aggressive foreign-policy leading to World War II; responsible for attempted genocide of European Jews
Georges Clemenceau
French prime minister in last years of World War I and during Versailles conference of 1919; pushed for heavy reparations from Germans
David Lloyd George
Prime minister of Great Britain who headed a coalition government through much of World War I and the turbulent years that followed
League of Nations
International diplomatic and peace organization created in the treaty of Versailles that ended World War I; one of the chief goals of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States in the peace negotiations; the United States was never a member
Indian National Congress Party
Grew out of regional associations of western educated Indians; originally centered in cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras; became political party in 1885; focus of nationalist movement in India; governed through most of postcolonial period
B.G. Tilak
Believed that nationalism in India should be based on appeals to Hindu religiosity; worked to promote the restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions; offended Muslims and other religious groups; first populist leader in India
Morely-Minto reforms
Provided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-India legislative councils
Montagu-Chelmsford reforms
Increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with a substantial numbers of elected Indians; passed in 1919
Rowlatt Act
Pleased severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press; acted to offset the concessions granted under Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919
Mohandas Gandhi
Led sustained all-India campaign for independence from British Empire after World War I; stressed nonviolent but aggressive mass protest
Satyagrapha
Literally, “truth force”; strategy of nonviolent protest developed by Mohandas Gandhi and his followers in India; later developed throughout the colonized world and in the United States
Lord Cromer
British advisor in Khedival Egypt; pushed for economic reforms that reduced but failed to eliminate the debts of the khedival regime
effendi
Class of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival Egypt; as a class generally favored Egyptian independence
Dinshawai incident
Clash between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers in 1906; arose over hunting accident along Nile river where wife of prayer leader of mosque was accidentally shot by army officers hunting pigeons; let a Egyptian protest movement
Ataturk
Also known as Mustafa Kemal; leader of Turkish Republic formed in 1923; reformed Turkish nation using western model
Hussein
Sherif of Mecca; used British promise of independence to convince Arabs to support Britain against the Turks in World War I, angered by Britain’s failure to keep promise
Mandates
Governments entrusted to European nations in the Middle East in the aftermath of World War I; Britain occupied Iraq and Palestinian, while France occupied Syria and Lebanon after 1922
Balfour Declaration
British minister Lord Balfour’s promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine issued in 1917
Leon Pinsker
European Zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into Christian European nations was impossible; argued for return to Middle Eastern Holy Land
Theodor Herzl
Austrian journalist and Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and formation of a Jewish state
Alfred Dreyfus
French Jew falsely accused of passing military secrets to the Germans; his mistreatment and exile to Devil’s Island provided flashpoint for years of bitter debate between the left and right in France
World Zionist Organization
Founded by Theodor Herzl to promote Jewish migration to and settlement in Palestine to form a Zionist state
Wafd party
Egyptian Nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the Versailles treaty negotiations following World War I; led by Sa’d Zaggul; negotiations eventually led to limited Egyptian Independence beginning in 1922
Sa’d Zaghul
Leader of Egypts nationalist Wafd party; their negotiations with British led to limited Egyptian independence in 1922
Marcus Garvey
African-American political leader; had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s
W.E.B. DuBois
African-American political leader; had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s
Pan-African
Organization that brought together intellectuals and political leaders from areas of Africa and African diaspora before and after World War I
Négritude
Literary movement in Africa; attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; associated with origins of African nationalist movements
Léopold Sédar Senghor
One of the post-World War I writers of the négritude literary movement that urged pride in African Values
