Chapter 28

Question 0

Archduke Ferdinand

Answer 0

Heir apparent to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination in Sarajevo started World War I

Question 1

Western Front

Answer 1

Front established in World War I; generally; along line from Belgium to Switzerland; featured trench warfare and horrendous casualties for all sides in the conflict

Question 2

Sarajevo

Answer 2

Administrative center of the Bosnian province of Austrian Empire; assassination here of Archduke Ferdinand in 1914 started World War I

Question 3

Nicholas II

Answer 3

Tsar of Russia 1894–1917; forcefully suppressed political opposition and resisted constitutional government; deposed by revolution in 1917

Question 4

Gallipoli

Answer 4

Peninsula south of Instanbul; site of decisive 1915 circus Turkish victory over Australian and New Zealand forces under British command during World War I

Question 5

Armenians genocide

Answer 5

Assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915; over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and the Middle East

Question 6

Eastern Front

Answer 6

Most mobile of the fronts established during World War I; lacked trench warfare because of the length of front extending from the Baltic to southern Russia; after early successes, military defeats lead to downfall of that tsarist government in Russia

Question 7

Adolf Hitler

Answer 7

Nazi leader of fascist Germany from 1933 to a suicide in 1945; created a strongly centralized state in Germany seminar; eliminated all rivals; launched Germany on aggressive foreign-policy leading to World War II; responsible for attempted genocide of European Jews

Question 8

Georges Clemenceau

Answer 8

French prime minister in last years of World War I and during Versailles conference of 1919; pushed for heavy reparations from Germans

Question 9

David Lloyd George

Answer 9

Prime minister of Great Britain who headed a coalition government through much of World War I and the turbulent years that followed

Question 10

League of Nations

Answer 10

International diplomatic and peace organization created in the treaty of Versailles that ended World War I; one of the chief goals of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States in the peace negotiations; the United States was never a member

Question 11

Indian National Congress Party

Answer 11

Grew out of regional associations of western educated Indians; originally centered in cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras; became political party in 1885; focus of nationalist movement in India; governed through most of postcolonial period

Question 12

B.G. Tilak

Answer 12

Believed that nationalism in India should be based on appeals to Hindu religiosity; worked to promote the restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions; offended Muslims and other religious groups; first populist leader in India

Question 13

Morely-Minto reforms

Answer 13

Provided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-India legislative councils

Question 14

Montagu-Chelmsford reforms

Answer 14

Increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with a substantial numbers of elected Indians; passed in 1919

Question 15

Rowlatt Act

Answer 15

Pleased severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press; acted to offset the concessions granted under Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919

Question 16

Mohandas Gandhi

Answer 16

Led sustained all-India campaign for independence from British Empire after World War I; stressed nonviolent but aggressive mass protest

Question 17

Satyagrapha

Answer 17

Literally, “truth force”; strategy of nonviolent protest developed by Mohandas Gandhi and his followers in India; later developed throughout the colonized world and in the United States

Question 18

Lord Cromer

Answer 18

British advisor in Khedival Egypt; pushed for economic reforms that reduced but failed to eliminate the debts of the khedival regime

Question 19

effendi

Answer 19

Class of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival Egypt; as a class generally favored Egyptian independence

Question 20

Dinshawai incident

Answer 20

Clash between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers in 1906; arose over hunting accident along Nile river where wife of prayer leader of mosque was accidentally shot by army officers hunting pigeons; let a Egyptian protest movement

Question 21

Ataturk

Answer 21

Also known as Mustafa Kemal; leader of Turkish Republic formed in 1923; reformed Turkish nation using western model

Question 22

Hussein

Answer 22

Sherif of Mecca; used British promise of independence to convince Arabs to support Britain against the Turks in World War I, angered by Britain’s failure to keep promise

Question 23

Mandates

Answer 23

Governments entrusted to European nations in the Middle East in the aftermath of World War I; Britain occupied Iraq and Palestinian, while France occupied Syria and Lebanon after 1922

Question 24

Balfour Declaration

Answer 24

British minister Lord Balfour’s promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine issued in 1917

Question 25

Leon Pinsker

Answer 25

European Zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into Christian European nations was impossible; argued for return to Middle Eastern Holy Land

Question 26

Theodor Herzl

Answer 26

Austrian journalist and Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and formation of a Jewish state

Question 27

Alfred Dreyfus

Answer 27

French Jew falsely accused of passing military secrets to the Germans; his mistreatment and exile to Devil’s Island provided flashpoint for years of bitter debate between the left and right in France

Question 28

World Zionist Organization

Answer 28

Founded by Theodor Herzl to promote Jewish migration to and settlement in Palestine to form a Zionist state

Question 29

Wafd party

Answer 29

Egyptian Nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the Versailles treaty negotiations following World War I; led by Sa’d Zaggul; negotiations eventually led to limited Egyptian Independence beginning in 1922

Question 30

Sa’d Zaghul

Answer 30

Leader of Egypts nationalist Wafd party; their negotiations with British led to limited Egyptian independence in 1922

Question 31

Marcus Garvey

Answer 31

African-American political leader; had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s

Question 32

W.E.B. DuBois

Answer 32

African-American political leader; had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s

Question 33

Pan-African

Answer 33

Organization that brought together intellectuals and political leaders from areas of Africa and African diaspora before and after World War I

Question 34

Négritude

Answer 34

Literary movement in Africa; attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; associated with origins of African nationalist movements

Question 35

Léopold Sédar Senghor

Answer 35

One of the post-World War I writers of the négritude literary movement that urged pride in African Values