Chapter 26

Question 0

Mahmud II

Answer 0

Ottoman sultan, built a private, professional army, fomented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army, destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies, initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents

Question 1

Selim III

Answer 1

Sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807; aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy; toppled by Janissaries in 1807

Question 2

Tanzimat Reforms

Answer 2

Series of reforms in Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876, established Western-style university, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 1876

Question 3

Abdul Hamid

Answer 3

Ottoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878 to 1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908

Question 4

Ottoman Society for Union and Progress

Answer 4

Organization of political agitators in opposition to rule of Abdul Hamid; also called “Young Turks”, desired to restore 1876 constitution

Question 5

Murad

Answer 5

Head of the coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt; opposed Napoleonic invasion of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat; failure destroyed Mamluk government in Egypt and revealed vulnerability of Muslim core

Question 6

Muhammad Ali

Answer 6

Won power struggle in Egypt following fall of Mamluks, established mastery of all Egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms; but 1830s was able to challenge Ottoman government in Constantinople, died in 1848

Question 7

Khedives

Answer 7

Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952

Question 8

Suez Canal

Answer 8

Built across Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors; with indebtedness of Khedives, permitted intervention oF British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment

Question 9

al-Afghani

Answer 9

Muslim thinker at the end of the 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry

Question 10

Muhammad Abduh

Answer 10

Disciple of al-Afghani; Muslim thinker at end of 19th-century; stressed need for adoption of western scientific learning and technology, recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry

Question 11

Ahmad Orabi

Answer 11

Student of Muhammad Abduh; led revolt in 1882 against Turkish influence in Egyptian army; forced khedive to call on British army for support

Question 12

Khartoum

Answer 12

Rivertown that was administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan

Question 13

Muhammad Achmad

Answer 13

Head of Sudanic Sufi brotherhood; claimed descent phone from prophet Muhammad; proclaimed both Egyptians and British as infidels; launched revolt to purge Islam of impurities; took Khartoum in 1883; also known as the Mahdi

Question 14

Mahdi

Answer 14

In Sufi belief system, a promised deliverer; also name given to Muhammad Achmad, leader of late 19th century revolt against Egyptians and British in the Sudan

Question 15

Khalifa Abdallahi

Answer 15

Successor of Muhammad Achmad as leader of Mahdists in Sudan; established state in Sudan; defeated by British General Kitchener in 1898

Question 16

Nurhaci

Answer 16

Architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria, adopted Chinese bureaucracy and court ceremonies in Manchuria; entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing

Question 17

Banner armies

Answer 17

Eight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags; created by Nurhaci in early 17th century; utilized to defeat Ming Empire and establish Qing dynasty

Question 18

Qing

Answer 18

Manchu dynasty that seized control of China in mid-17th century after decline of Ming; forced submission of nomadic peoples far to the west and compelled tribute from Vietnam and Burma to the south

Question 19

Kangxi

Answer 19

Confucian scholar Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722; established high degree of sinification among the Manchus

Question 20

Compradors

Answer 20

Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on China’s south coast; one of the major links between China and the outside world

Question 21

Opium War

Answer 21

Fought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory; opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade

Question 22

Lin Zexu

Answer 22

Distinguished Chinese official during the early 19th century; charged with stamping out the opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium; sent into exile following the Opium War

Question 23

Hong Xiuquan

Answer 23

Leader of the Taiping rebellion; converted to specifically Chinese form of Christianity; attacked traditional Confucian teachings of Chinese elite

Question 24

Taiping Rebellion

Answer 24

Broke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and confusion basis of Scholar gentry

Question 25

Self-strengthening movement

Answer 25

In the late 19th century, dynamic provincial leaders aimed at countering the challenge from the west; encouraging investment in railways and factories in the areas they governed, and they modernized their armies

Question 26

Cixi

Answer 26

Empress dominating last decades of Qing dynasty; crushed reform in 1898; defied westerners; Manchus relied on divisions among the provincial officials and among the European powers to maintain their position

Question 27

Boxer Rebellion

Answer 27

Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because intervention of armies of Western powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials

Question 28

Sun Yat-sen

Answer 28

Head of revolutionary alliance, organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in China; briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912; created Nationalist party of China (Guomindang) in 1919; died in 1925

Question 29

Puyi

Answer 29

Last emperor of China, deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912