Chapter 25 Flashcards
Father Miguel de Hidalgo
Mexican priest who is established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed
Toussaint L’Overture
Leader of slave rebellion on the French sugar island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804
Augustín de Iturbide
Conservative Creole officer in Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces entered Mexico city in 1821; later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until it’s collapse in 1824
Simon Bolívar
Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Columbia
Gran Columbia
Independent state created in south America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations
José San Martin
Leader of independence movement in Rio de la Plata; lead to independence of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led to independence movement in Chile and Peru as well
João VI
Portuguese monarch who established seat of government in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 as a result of Napoleonic invasion of Iberian Peninsula, made Brazil seat of empire with capital at Rio de Janeiro
Pedro I
Son and successor of João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822; became constitutional Emperor of Brazil
Andrés Santa Cruz
Mestizo general who established union of independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839
Caudillos
Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America
Centralists
Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives
Federalists
Latin American politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set up by region regional governments rather than centralized national administrations; often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals
Juan Manuel de Rosas
Strongman leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy
General Antonio López de Santa Anna
Seized power in Mexico after collapse of Empire of Mexico in 1824; after brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 is as Caudillo; defeated by Texans in war for independence in 1836; defeated by United States in Mexican American war in 1848; unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854
Monroe Doctrine
American declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United States; supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade
Guano
Bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880; income from trade permitted end to American Indian tribute and abolition of slavery
Positivism
French philosophy based on observation and scientific approach to problems of society; adopted by many Latin American liberals in the aftermath of independence
Auguste Comte
French philosopher (19th century); founder of positivism, a philosophy that stressed observation and scientific approaches to the problems of society
Manifest destiny
Believe of the government of the United States that it was destined to rule the continent from coast-to-coast; led to annexation of Texas and Mexican American war
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
Agreement that ended the Mexican American war; provided for loss of Texas and California to the United States in Latin America
Mexican-American War
Fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces; loss of about one half of Mexico’s national territory to the United States
Benito Juárez
Indian governor of state of Oaxaca in Mexico; leader of liberal rebellion against Santa Anna; Liberal government defeated by French intervention under Emperor Napoleon III of France and establishment of Mexican Empire under Maximilian; restored to power in 1867 until his death in 1872
La Reforma
The liberal rebellion of Benito Juárez against the forces of Santa Anna
Maximilian Von Habsburg
Proclaimed Emperor Maximilian of Mexico following intervention of France in 1862; ruled until overthrow of execution by liberal revolutionaries under Benito Juárez in 1867
Argentine Republic
Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862; result of compromise between centralists and federalists
Domingo F. Sarmiento
Liberal politician and president of Argentine Republic; author of Facundo, a critique of caudillo politics; increased international trade, launched internal reforms in education and transportation
Fazendas
Coffee estates that spread within interior of Brazil between 1840 and 1860; created major export commodity for Brazilian trade; led to intensification of slavery in Brazil
Cientificos
Advisors of government of Porfirio Díaz who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas; permitted government to project image of modernization
Spanish-American War
War fought between Spain in the United States beginning in 1898; centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico; permitted American intervention in Caribbean, annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines
Panama Canal
In aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama Isthmus; provided short route between Atlantic and Pacific oceans; completed 1914
