Chapter 25

Question 0

Father Miguel de Hidalgo

Answer 0

Mexican priest who is established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed

Question 1

Toussaint L’Overture

Answer 1

Leader of slave rebellion on the French sugar island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804

Question 2

Augustín de Iturbide

Answer 2

Conservative Creole officer in Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces entered Mexico city in 1821; later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until it’s collapse in 1824

Question 3

Simon Bolívar

Answer 3

Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Columbia

Question 4

Gran Columbia

Answer 4

Independent state created in south America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolívar; existed only until 1830, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations

Question 5

José San Martin

Answer 5

Leader of independence movement in Rio de la Plata; lead to independence of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata by 1816; later led to independence movement in Chile and Peru as well

Question 6

João VI

Answer 6

Portuguese monarch who established seat of government in Brazil from 1808 to 1820 as a result of Napoleonic invasion of Iberian Peninsula, made Brazil seat of empire with capital at Rio de Janeiro

Question 7

Pedro I

Answer 7

Son and successor of João VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822; became constitutional Emperor of Brazil

Question 8

Andrés Santa Cruz

Answer 8

Mestizo general who established union of independent Peru and Bolivia between 1829 and 1839

Question 9

Caudillos

Answer 9

Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America

Question 10

Centralists

Answer 10

Latin American politicians who wished to create strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives

Question 11

Federalists

Answer 11

Latin American politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set up by region regional governments rather than centralized national administrations; often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals

Question 12

Juan Manuel de Rosas

Answer 12

Strongman leader in Buenos Aires; took power in 1831; commanded loyalty of gauchos; restored local autonomy

Question 13

General Antonio López de Santa Anna

Answer 13

Seized power in Mexico after collapse of Empire of Mexico in 1824; after brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 is as Caudillo; defeated by Texans in war for independence in 1836; defeated by United States in Mexican American war in 1848; unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854

Question 14

Monroe Doctrine

Answer 14

American declaration stated in 1823; established that any attempt of a European country to colonize in Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United States; supported by Great Britain as a means of opening Latin American trade

Question 15

Guano

Answer 15

Bird droppings utilized as fertilizer; exported from Peru as a major item of trade between 1850 and 1880; income from trade permitted end to American Indian tribute and abolition of slavery

Question 16

Positivism

Answer 16

French philosophy based on observation and scientific approach to problems of society; adopted by many Latin American liberals in the aftermath of independence

Question 17

Auguste Comte

Answer 17

French philosopher (19th century); founder of positivism, a philosophy that stressed observation and scientific approaches to the problems of society

Question 18

Manifest destiny

Answer 18

Believe of the government of the United States that it was destined to rule the continent from coast-to-coast; led to annexation of Texas and Mexican American war

Question 19

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Answer 19

Agreement that ended the Mexican American war; provided for loss of Texas and California to the United States in Latin America

Question 20

Mexican-American War

Answer 20

Fought between Mexico and the United States from 1846 to 1848; led to devastating defeat of Mexican forces; loss of about one half of Mexico’s national territory to the United States

Question 21

Benito Juárez

Answer 21

Indian governor of state of Oaxaca in Mexico; leader of liberal rebellion against Santa Anna; Liberal government defeated by French intervention under Emperor Napoleon III of France and establishment of Mexican Empire under Maximilian; restored to power in 1867 until his death in 1872

Question 22

La Reforma

Answer 22

The liberal rebellion of Benito Juárez against the forces of Santa Anna

Question 23

Maximilian Von Habsburg

Answer 23

Proclaimed Emperor Maximilian of Mexico following intervention of France in 1862; ruled until overthrow of execution by liberal revolutionaries under Benito Juárez in 1867

Question 24

Argentine Republic

Answer 24

Replaced state of Buenos Aires in 1862; result of compromise between centralists and federalists

Question 25

Domingo F. Sarmiento

Answer 25

Liberal politician and president of Argentine Republic; author of Facundo, a critique of caudillo politics; increased international trade, launched internal reforms in education and transportation

Question 26

Fazendas

Answer 26

Coffee estates that spread within interior of Brazil between 1840 and 1860; created major export commodity for Brazilian trade; led to intensification of slavery in Brazil

Question 27

Cientificos

Answer 27

Advisors of government of Porfirio Díaz who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas; permitted government to project image of modernization

Question 28

Spanish-American War

Answer 28

War fought between Spain in the United States beginning in 1898; centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico; permitted American intervention in Caribbean, annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines

Question 29

Panama Canal

Answer 29

In aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama Isthmus; provided short route between Atlantic and Pacific oceans; completed 1914