Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Motivation

A

The set of forces that leads people to behave in particular ways

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2
Q

Need

A

Anything an individual requires or wants

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3
Q

Scientific Management Approach

A

This approach to motivation assumes that employees are motivated by money

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4
Q

Human Relations Approach

A

This approach to motivation suggests that favorable employee attitudes result in motivation to work hard

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5
Q

Human Resource Approach

A

This approach to motivation assumes that people want to contribute and are able to make genuine contributions

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6
Q

Need-Based Theories of Motivation

A

These theories assume that need deficiencies cause behavior

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7
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory

A

This theory assumes that human needs are arranged in a hierarchy of importance

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8
Q

ERG Theory

A

This theory describes existence, relatedness, and growth needs

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9
Q

Dual-Structure Theory

A

This theory identifies motivation factors, which affect satisfaction, and hygiene factors, which determine dissatisfaction

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10
Q

Motivation Factors

A

Factors that are intrinsic to the work itself and include factors such as achievement and recognitions

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11
Q

Hygiene Factors

A

Factors that are extrinsic to the work itself and include factors such as pay and job security

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12
Q

Need for Achievement

A

The desire to accomplish a task or goal more effectively than was done in the past

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13
Q

Need for Affiliation

A

The need for human companionship

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14
Q

Need for Power

A

The desire to control the resources in one’s environment

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15
Q

Process-Based Perspectives on Motivation

A

Focuses on how people behave in their efforts to satisfy their needs

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16
Q

Equity Theory

A

Focuses on people’s desire to be treated with what they perceive as equity and to avoid perceived inequity

17
Q

Equity

A

The belief that we are being treated fairly in relation to others; inequity is the belief that we are being treated unfairly in relation to others

18
Q

Expectancy Theory

A

Suggests that people are motivated by how much they want something and the likelihood they perceive of getting it

19
Q

Effort-to-Performance Expectancy

A

A person’s perception of the probability that effort will lead to performance

20
Q

Performance-to-Outcome Expectancy

A

The individual’s perception of the probability that performance will lead to certain outcomes

21
Q

Outcome

A

Anything that results from performing a particular behavior

22
Q

Valence

A

The degree of attractiveness or unattractiveness a particular outcome has for a person

23
Q

Learning

A

A relatively permanent change in behavior or behavioral potential resulting from direct or indirect experience

24
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

A simple form of learning that links a conditioned response with an unconditioned stimulus

25
Reinforcement Theory
Based on the idea that behavior is a function of its consequences
26
Reinforcements
The consequences of behavior
27
Positive Reinforcement
A reward or other desirable consequence that a person receives after exhibiting behavior
28
Avodiance
Also called Negative Reinforcement. | The opportunity to avoid or escape from an unpleasant circumstance after exhibiting behavior
29
Extinction
Decreases the frequency of behavior by eliminating a reward or desirable consequence that follows that behavior
30
Punishment
An unpleasant, or aversive, consequence that results from behavior
31
Schedules of Reinforcement
Indicate when or how often managers should reinforce certain behaviors
32
Continuous Reinforcement
With this type of reinforcement, behavior is rewarded every time it occurs
33
Fixed-Interval Reinforcement
Provides reinforcement on a fixed time schedule
34
Variable-Interval Reinforcement
Varies the amount of time between reinforcements
35
Fixed-Ratio Reinforcement
Provides reinforcement after a fixed number of behaviors
36
Variable-Ratio Reinforcement
Varies the number of behaviors between reinforcements
37
Social Learning
Occurs when people observe the behaviors of others, recognize their consequences, and alter their own behavior as a result
38
Organizational Behavior Modification (OB mod)
The application of reinforcement theory to people in organizational settings