Chapter 2 Flashcards
Globalization
The internationalization of business activities and the shift toward and integrated global economy
Culture
The set of shared values, often taken for granted, that help people in a group, organization, or society understand which actions are considered acceptable and which are deemed unacceptable
Individualism
Exists to the extent that people in a culture define themselves primarily as individuals rather than as part of one or more groups or organizations
Collectivism
Characterized by tight social frameworks in which people tend to base their identities on the group or organization to which they belong
Power Distance
Also called orientation to authority.
The extent to which people accept as normal an unequal distribution of power
Uncertainty Avoidance
Also called preference for stability.
The extent to which people feel threatened by unknown situations and prefer to be in clear and unambiguous situations
Masculinity
Also called assertiveness or materialism.
The extent to which the dominant values in a society emphasize aggressiveness and the acquisition of money and other possessions as opposed to concern for people, relationships among people, and overall quality of life
Long-term Values
Include focusing on the future, working on projects that have a distant payoff, persistence, and thrift
Short-term Values
More oriented toward the past and the present and include respect for traditions and social obligations
Workforce Diversity
Refers to the important similarities and differences among the employees of organizations
Stereotypes
Generalizations about a person or a group of persons based on certain characteristics or traits
Prejudices
Judgements about others that reinforce beliefs about superiority and inferiority
Primary Dimensions of Diversity
Those factors that are either inborn or exert extraordinary influence on early socialization
Secondary Dimensions of Diversity
INclude factors that matter to us as individuals and that to some extent define us to others; however, they may be less permanent that primary dimensions and can be adapted or changed.
Assimilation
The process through which members of a minority group are socialized into learning the ways of the majority group
Valuing Diversity
Means putting an end to the assumption that everyone who is not a member of the dominant group must assimilate
Technology
Refers to the methods used to create products, including both physical goods and intangible services
Manufacturing
A form of business that combines and transforms resources into tangible outcomes that are then sold to others
Service Organization
One that transforms resources into an intangible output and creates time or place utility for its customers
Ethics
A person’s beliefs regarding what is right or wrong in a given situation
Corporate Governance
Refers to the oversight of a public corporation by its board of directors
Knowledge Workers
Those employees who add value in an organization simply because of what they know
Outsourcing
The practice of hiring other firms to do work previously performed by the organization itself; when this work is moved overseas, it is often called offshoring
Contingent Worker
A person who works for an organization on something other than a permanent or full-time basis
Tiered Workforce
Exists when one group of an organization’s workforce has a contractual arrangement with the organization objectively different from another group performing the same jobs
