Chapter 4

Question 1

________ is a progressive state of cellular hypo perfusion in which insufficient oxygen is available to meet tissue demands, which results in adequate energy production to perform cellular activities.

Answer 1

Shock

Question 2

A complete heartbeat is called a __________.

Answer 2

cardiac cycle

Question 3

_______ is the volume of blood that the heart can pump per minute.

Answer 3

Cardiac output

Question 4

The precontraction pressure is known as ________.

Answer 4

preload

Question 5

The force, or resistance against which the heart pumps is known as ________.

Answer 5

afterload

Question 6

The stroke volume of a healthy adult is typically about ____mL.

Answer 6

70

Question 7

The resistance of blood flow through the circulatory system is called ___________.

Answer 7

peripheral vascular resistance

Question 8

The _________ are the first cellular components affected by shock.

Answer 8

mitochondria

Question 9

In the aortic arch and carotid arteries, sympathetic nerve fibers called ______ constantly monitor arterial blood pressure.

Answer 9

baroreceptors

Question 10

The _______, located on top of the kidneys, release epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to declining cardiac output.

Answer 10

adrenal glands

Question 11

The anterior pituitary gland releases _______ in response to shock.

Answer 11

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 12

__________ secretion also creates the sensation of thirst, one of the early signs of shock.

Answer 12

Aldosterone

Question 13

In hemorrhagic shock, decompensated shock occurs when blood volume drops by more than _____%.

Answer 13

30

Question 14

_______ may be the last measurable factor to change in shock.

Answer 14

Blood pressure

Question 15

Bright red blood in the stool indicates active bleeding from the _______ GI tract.

Answer 15

lower

Question 16

Dark red or maroon stool called ______ is due to upper GI bleeding.

Answer 16

melena

Question 17

A weak, thready pulse is an indicator of __________.

Answer 17

hypoperfusion

Question 18

Because of an increase in a person’s metabolism during shock, ______ can become perilously low.

Answer 18

glucose

Question 19

It is preferred that the blood be typed and crossmatched, but if time does not allow, uncross matched type __________ can be given.

Answer 19

O-negative

Question 20

There are generally two complications of blood product administration:

Answer 20

infection

immune reactions

Question 21

Monitoring the patient’s ________ is a standard of care during blood administration.

Answer 21

temperature

Question 22

Shock can be categorized into four types:

Answer 22

hypovolemic
cardiogenic
obstructive
distributive

Question 23

In a healthy adult, ______% blood loss is well tolerated.

Answer 23

10 - 15

Question 24

__________ is highly characteristic of neurogenic shock.

Answer 24

Bradycardia

Question 25

The most common cause of radiogenic shock, is myocardial infarction with greater than a ____% loss of heart muscle.

Answer 25

40

Question 26

__________ shock occurs when blood flow to the great vessels or heart is occluded.

Answer 26

Obstructive

Question 27

The most treatable cause of obstructive shock is ________.

Answer 27

tension pneumothorax

Question 28

Late shock can trigger an overstimulation of the clotting cascade in which clotting and bleeding begin to occur simultaneously. This is known as ___________.

Answer 28

Disseminated Intravascular coagulation

Question 29

_______ is a progressive condition characterized by combined failure or two more organs or organ systems that were initially unharmed by the acute disorder or injury that caused the patient's illness.

Answer 29

Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS)

Question 30

Up to 1 out of every 500 African-Americans will have this disorder which results in abnormal sickling of the red blood cells.

Answer 30

Sickle Cell Anemia

Question 31

_________ occurs when the body has an abnormally low number of platelets in the blood.

Answer 31

Thrombocytopenia

Question 32

_______ is a bleeding disorder that occurs when there is a deficiency in clotting factors, or proteins in the blood that work with platelets to help blood to clot.

Answer 32

Hemophilia