Chapter 4 Flashcards
________ is a progressive state of cellular hypo perfusion in which insufficient oxygen is available to meet tissue demands, which results in adequate energy production to perform cellular activities.
Shock
A complete heartbeat is called a __________.
cardiac cycle
_______ is the volume of blood that the heart can pump per minute.
Cardiac output
The precontraction pressure is known as ________.
preload
The force, or resistance against which the heart pumps is known as ________.
afterload
The stroke volume of a healthy adult is typically about ____mL.
70
The resistance of blood flow through the circulatory system is called ___________.
peripheral vascular resistance
The _________ are the first cellular components affected by shock.
mitochondria
In the aortic arch and carotid arteries, sympathetic nerve fibers called ______ constantly monitor arterial blood pressure.
baroreceptors
The _______, located on top of the kidneys, release epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to declining cardiac output.
adrenal glands
The anterior pituitary gland releases _______ in response to shock.
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
__________ secretion also creates the sensation of thirst, one of the early signs of shock.
Aldosterone
In hemorrhagic shock, decompensated shock occurs when blood volume drops by more than _____%.
30
_______ may be the last measurable factor to change in shock.
Blood pressure
Bright red blood in the stool indicates active bleeding from the _______ GI tract.
lower