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AMLS > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

______ is movement of air in and out of the lungs.

A

Ventilation

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2
Q

_______ is the process of gas exchange.

A

Respiration

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3
Q

The upper airway comprises all structures above the ________.

A

vocal cords

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4
Q

The major function of the _______ are to warm, filter and humidify air as it enters the body.

A

upper airway

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5
Q

The ______ is a muscle tube that extends from the nose and mouth to the level of the esophagus and trachea.

A

pharynx

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6
Q

The ______ are the only source of VENTILATION for each lung.

A

bronchi

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7
Q

The lobes are covered with a thin, slippery outer membrane called the ________.

A

visceral pleura

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8
Q

________ occurs secondary to shallow breathing, infection, trauma, or inflammation, and can be reversed with a sigh or yawn.

A

Atelectasis

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9
Q

The diaphragm is innervated by the _____ nerve.

A

phrenic

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10
Q

Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via the __________.

A

superior and inferior vena cavae

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11
Q

The ______ returns to the venae cavae any excess fluid from the lower extremities and abdomen that is not collected by the veins.

A

Thoracic Duct

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12
Q

______ is the chief waste product of metabolism.

A

CO2

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13
Q

Anaerobic metabolism releases excessive acids as by-products, especially ______ and ________ acids.

A

lactic

carbonic

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14
Q

The epithelium is made up of mucus-secreting ________ cells.

A

goblet

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15
Q

__________ is secreted in body fluids and binds to pathogenic organisms, allowing white blood cells to recognize and destroy them.

A

immunoglobulin-A

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16
Q

______ is a passive process in which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to molecules of an area of lower concentration.

A

Diffusion

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17
Q

_____ moves naturally from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.

A

Gas

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18
Q

The brain-or more specifically, the respiratory center in the _________ - controls breathing.

A

respiratory center

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19
Q

The ________ which is sensitive to pH changes, stimulates the phrenic nerve, sending a signal to the diaphragm that causes a person to breath.

A

medulla oblongata

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20
Q

Normal respiration is controlled by the ________ drive.

A

hypercarbic

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21
Q

The backup system, the ______ drive, is much less sensitive and less powerful than the carbon dioxide sensors in the brainstem.

A

hypoxic

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22
Q

A _______ is a substance that can absorb or donate hydrogen.

A

buffer

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23
Q

The fastest way the body can get rid of excess acid is through the _______ system.

A

respiratory

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24
Q

Sensors in the renal artery note hypoxia and then release _______, a hormone that stimulates the creation of red blood cells.

A

erythropoietin

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25
Q

Patients who suffer from chronic bronchitis, for example, often have an elevated number of red blood cells, a condition called___________.

A

polycythemia

26
Q

The ________ is the main pacemaker for breathing and is responsible for initiating inspiration.

A

Doral Respiratory Group

27
Q

The _______ center, located in the superior portion of the pons, helps shut off the DRG, resulting in shorter, faster respirations.

A

pneumotaxic

28
Q

The _______ center, stimulates the DRG, resulting in longer, slower respirations.

A

apneustic

29
Q

An adult male has a total lung capacity of _____ mL.

A

6000

30
Q

The amount of air movement during rest is approximately _____mL.

A

500

31
Q

The typical BVM holds approximately _____ mL or air.

A

1000 - 2000

32
Q

the ______________ is perhaps the most important element of patient assessment.

A

History of Present Illness

33
Q

__________ reflex occurs when mild pressure on the patient’s liver causes JVD.

A

hepatojugular

34
Q

Hepatojugular reflex is specific to __________.

A

right-sided heart failure

35
Q

Abnormal lung sounds, sometimes called _______ lung sounds, cane heard in any lung area.

A

Adventitious

36
Q

The auscultation of ______ on inspiration is associated with accumulated fluid in the alveoli.

A

Crackles (rales)

37
Q

Auscultation of _____ indicates accumulation of secretions in the larger airways.

A

rhonchi

38
Q

______ is a sound produced by inflammation or a large obstruction in the upper airway.

A

Stridor

39
Q

The _____ of the stethoscope is for high-pitched sounds; the _____ is for low-pitched sounds.

A

diaphragm

bell

40
Q

Oxygen delivered by a nasal cannula can effectively provide _______% oxygen.

A

24 - 20

41
Q

Use of a face mask can increase the concentration of oxygen up to ____% when 15 LPM of O2 are given.

A

60

42
Q

the NRB adds an oxygen reservoir increasing the inspired oxygen to ____% at 15 LPM.

A

100

43
Q

____ reduces left ventricular preload and after load in patients with CHF.

A

CPAP

44
Q

The use of BiPap in Patients with COPD has shown to reduce the need for intubation by _____%.

A

59

45
Q

The inhalation of anything other than breathable gases is called _________.

A

aspiration

46
Q

The most common cause of upper airway obstruction in a semi-conscious or unconscious patient is the _______.

A

tongue

47
Q

When in invading substance enters the body, the _______ recognize it as potentially harmful and begin releasing chemical mediators.

A

mast cells

48
Q

_____, one of many primary chemical weapons, causes the blood vessels in the local area to dilate and the capillaries to leak.

A

Histamine

49
Q

______ which are even more powerful than Histamine, are rebased and cause additional dilation and leaking.

A

Leukotrienes

50
Q

Pharyngitis and tonsillitis are both infections of the posterior _________.

A

pharynx

51
Q

________ is a life-threatening infection that causes inflammation of the epiglottis and often supraglottic region.

A

Epiglottitis

52
Q

______ refers not to chest pain, but to a deep space infection of the anterior neck just below the mandible.

A

Ludwig’s Angina

53
Q

________ is a sudden swelling, usually of a head or neck structure such as the lip, earlobes, tongue or uvula.

A

Angioedema

54
Q

______ is a common disease, prompting millions of ED visits a year and accounting for ________% of hospital admission.

A

20 - 30

55
Q

Lung infection that causes fluid to collect in the alveoli is referred to as __________.

A

pneumonia

56
Q

The cardinal signs of primary and secondary pneumothorax are ______ and _______.

A

chest pain

dyspnea

57
Q

_______ is a collection of fluid outside the lung on one or both sides of the chest.

A

Pleural Effusion

58
Q

________ is the sudden blockage of an artery in the lung with a blood clot, an air bubble, a fatty plaque, or even a group of tumor cells.

A

Pulmonary Embolism

59
Q

A hallmark of ______ is that the cyanosis does not resolve with oxygen therapy.

A

pulmonary embolism

60
Q

________ is an ascending paralysis believed to represent an overzealous immune system response to a viral infection.

A

Guillain-Barre

61
Q

_______ is coughing up blood in the sputum.

A

Hemoptysis

AMLS (11 decks)

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