Chapter 2 Flashcards
______ is movement of air in and out of the lungs.
Ventilation
_______ is the process of gas exchange.
Respiration
The upper airway comprises all structures above the ________.
vocal cords
The major function of the _______ are to warm, filter and humidify air as it enters the body.
upper airway
The ______ is a muscle tube that extends from the nose and mouth to the level of the esophagus and trachea.
pharynx
The ______ are the only source of VENTILATION for each lung.
bronchi
The lobes are covered with a thin, slippery outer membrane called the ________.
visceral pleura
________ occurs secondary to shallow breathing, infection, trauma, or inflammation, and can be reversed with a sigh or yawn.
Atelectasis
The diaphragm is innervated by the _____ nerve.
phrenic
Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via the __________.
superior and inferior vena cavae
The ______ returns to the venae cavae any excess fluid from the lower extremities and abdomen that is not collected by the veins.
Thoracic Duct
______ is the chief waste product of metabolism.
CO2
Anaerobic metabolism releases excessive acids as by-products, especially ______ and ________ acids.
lactic
carbonic
The epithelium is made up of mucus-secreting ________ cells.
goblet
__________ is secreted in body fluids and binds to pathogenic organisms, allowing white blood cells to recognize and destroy them.
immunoglobulin-A
______ is a passive process in which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to molecules of an area of lower concentration.
Diffusion
_____ moves naturally from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
Gas
The brain-or more specifically, the respiratory center in the _________ - controls breathing.
respiratory center
The ________ which is sensitive to pH changes, stimulates the phrenic nerve, sending a signal to the diaphragm that causes a person to breath.
medulla oblongata
Normal respiration is controlled by the ________ drive.
hypercarbic
The backup system, the ______ drive, is much less sensitive and less powerful than the carbon dioxide sensors in the brainstem.
hypoxic
A _______ is a substance that can absorb or donate hydrogen.
buffer
The fastest way the body can get rid of excess acid is through the _______ system.
respiratory
Sensors in the renal artery note hypoxia and then release _______, a hormone that stimulates the creation of red blood cells.
erythropoietin
Patients who suffer from chronic bronchitis, for example, often have an elevated number of red blood cells, a condition called___________.
polycythemia
The ________ is the main pacemaker for breathing and is responsible for initiating inspiration.
Doral Respiratory Group
The _______ center, located in the superior portion of the pons, helps shut off the DRG, resulting in shorter, faster respirations.
pneumotaxic
The _______ center, stimulates the DRG, resulting in longer, slower respirations.
apneustic
An adult male has a total lung capacity of _____ mL.
6000
The amount of air movement during rest is approximately _____mL.
500
The typical BVM holds approximately _____ mL or air.
1000 - 2000
the ______________ is perhaps the most important element of patient assessment.
History of Present Illness
__________ reflex occurs when mild pressure on the patient’s liver causes JVD.
hepatojugular
Hepatojugular reflex is specific to __________.
right-sided heart failure
Abnormal lung sounds, sometimes called _______ lung sounds, cane heard in any lung area.
Adventitious
The auscultation of ______ on inspiration is associated with accumulated fluid in the alveoli.
Crackles (rales)
Auscultation of _____ indicates accumulation of secretions in the larger airways.
rhonchi
______ is a sound produced by inflammation or a large obstruction in the upper airway.
Stridor
The _____ of the stethoscope is for high-pitched sounds; the _____ is for low-pitched sounds.
diaphragm
bell
Oxygen delivered by a nasal cannula can effectively provide _______% oxygen.
24 - 20
Use of a face mask can increase the concentration of oxygen up to ____% when 15 LPM of O2 are given.
60
the NRB adds an oxygen reservoir increasing the inspired oxygen to ____% at 15 LPM.
100
____ reduces left ventricular preload and after load in patients with CHF.
CPAP
The use of BiPap in Patients with COPD has shown to reduce the need for intubation by _____%.
59
The inhalation of anything other than breathable gases is called _________.
aspiration
The most common cause of upper airway obstruction in a semi-conscious or unconscious patient is the _______.
tongue
When in invading substance enters the body, the _______ recognize it as potentially harmful and begin releasing chemical mediators.
mast cells
_____, one of many primary chemical weapons, causes the blood vessels in the local area to dilate and the capillaries to leak.
Histamine
______ which are even more powerful than Histamine, are rebased and cause additional dilation and leaking.
Leukotrienes
Pharyngitis and tonsillitis are both infections of the posterior _________.
pharynx
________ is a life-threatening infection that causes inflammation of the epiglottis and often supraglottic region.
Epiglottitis
______ refers not to chest pain, but to a deep space infection of the anterior neck just below the mandible.
Ludwig’s Angina
________ is a sudden swelling, usually of a head or neck structure such as the lip, earlobes, tongue or uvula.
Angioedema
______ is a common disease, prompting millions of ED visits a year and accounting for ________% of hospital admission.
20 - 30
Lung infection that causes fluid to collect in the alveoli is referred to as __________.
pneumonia
The cardinal signs of primary and secondary pneumothorax are ______ and _______.
chest pain
dyspnea
_______ is a collection of fluid outside the lung on one or both sides of the chest.
Pleural Effusion
________ is the sudden blockage of an artery in the lung with a blood clot, an air bubble, a fatty plaque, or even a group of tumor cells.
Pulmonary Embolism
A hallmark of ______ is that the cyanosis does not resolve with oxygen therapy.
pulmonary embolism
________ is an ascending paralysis believed to represent an overzealous immune system response to a viral infection.
Guillain-Barre
_______ is coughing up blood in the sputum.
Hemoptysis
