Chapter 4 Flashcards
Types of chromosomes in animals such as humans (female chromosomes and male chormosomes)
X and Y (XX and XY)
Sex chromosomes in animals such as birds and butterflies (F chromosomes and M chromosomes)
Z and W (ZZ and ZW)
What word refers to characteristics whose loci are on the sex chromosomes
Sex-linked characteristics
What word refers to the mechanism in which biological sex is established
sex determination
What word (sex or gender) refers to phenotype and which refers to categorical assignments based on behavior and practices?
sex and gender
What word refers to an organism with both sexes present within? (specifically the same flower)
hermaphroditism
Organisms that bear both male and female reproductive structures
monoecious
Species where each individual organism has either male or female reproductive structures
dioecious
what are the chromosomes related to sexual differentiation?
sex chromosomes
What chromosomes are not related to sex
autosomes
What word means the sex that produces two different types of gametes in relation to the sex chromosomes?
heterogametic sex
What word refers to the sex that produces gametes with all of the same sex chromosomes.
homogametic sex
What type of sex determination occurs in grass hoppers where the females have two X chromosomes while males have only one X and no other sex chromosomes?
XX-XO sex determination
What type of sex determination occurs when females have two X chromosomes while males have an X and a Y chromosome?
XX-XY sex determination
What shape is the Y chromosome?
acrocentric
what word refers to the area of the X and Y chromosomes where they have the same genes?
pseudoautosomal regions
What is the sex determination system where males have ZZ and females have ZW?
ZZ-ZW sex determination
What is the sex determination system where there are no large differences between male and female chromosomes, but sex is still determined genetically using genes at one or more loci?
genic sex determination
What is the sex determination system where external conditions partially or completely determine sex of the individual, not the genome?
environmental sex determination
What is the word that means that each individual can be male or female, but not at the same time.
sequential hermaphroditism
What word refers to X chromosome : autosomal chromosome of >1, between 1 and 0.5, and less than 0.5 respectively
metafemale, intersex, metamale
What gene produces the male phenotype in humans?
sex-determining region Y (SRY)
What condition saw females only having 1 chromosome, leading to short, low hairline, broad chests, and folds of skin on the neck?
Turner Syndrome
What condition sees males have more than one X chromosomes (can also have more than one Y); produces sterile, tall individuals with reduced public and facial hair with smaller testis.
Klinefelter syndrome
What condition sees females possessing more than 2 X-chromosomes and what is the most common condition with 3 referred to as? 3 Have little impact on fertility and intellect, only causing taller and thinner individuals, but more causes physical problems and intellectual problems in an increasing manner.
poly-x females and triple-x syndrome
What condition sees males with an extra Y chromosome causing slightly increased height with limited evidence of learning disabilities
XYY males
what hormone creates testis?
testosterone and other androgens
what hormone destroys the female ducts in development?
anti-Mullerian hormone
What protein in mice destroys the male gonads?
chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor 2
What protein does the SRY gene produce to promote areas of DNA that create the testes
transcription factor
What syndrome sees outside appearing females to fail to menstruate with a pair of testes inside the abdominal cavity producing testosterone? It sees androgen receptors fail, leading to SRY ineffectiveness
androgen-insensitivity syndrome
What genes are located on the X chromosomes and Y chromosomes respectively? (most are the former)
X-linked and Y-linked characteristics (also called holandric traits)
What word refers to an individual with only one copy of a gene
hemizygous
What word refers to the process where two homologous chromosomes or chromatids fail to seperate
non-disjunction
What word refers to the mechanism by which the quantity of proteins produced by an X chromosome is equivalent to the rest of the autosomes in males?
dosage compensation
What the structures found in the nuclei of female cats?
Barr bodies
What theory states that the bodies found in female cats are inactive X chromosomes?
lyon hypothesis
What gene shuts off X chromosomes by coating the chromosome in RNA and using protein complexes to alter chromatin structure
Xist (X inactive specific transcript)
When someone has two or more sets of cells that differ genetically from one another.
mosaic
