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Genetics > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What holds sister chromatids together?

A

cohesin

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2
Q

What separates the sister chromatids during mitosis?

A

seperase

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3
Q

What inhabit the three domains of life

A

Eukaryotes, archaea, and bacteria

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4
Q

What protein is found within Eukaryotes, forms tightly packed chromosomes, and regulate accessibility to DNA? Note: similar compound in archaea

A

histones

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5
Q

The name for prokaryotic cell reproduction

A

Binary fission

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6
Q

What is the starting point for replication referred to as?

A

origin of replication

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7
Q

What is the name of the organized internal scaffolding in the nucleus that consists of a network of protein fibers? It also maintains the precise spatial relations among the components of the nucleus, takes part in DNA replication, expression of genes, and the modification of the gene products before they leave the nucleus.

A

nuclear matrix

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8
Q

Proteins that keep replicated DNA from getting tangled during replication

A

Structural Maintenance of chromosomes

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9
Q

What are cells called that carry two sets of genetic information?

A

diploid

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10
Q

What are cells that have only a single set of genetic information

A

haploid

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11
Q

What are cells that contain more than two sets of genetic information called?

A

polyploid

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12
Q

Name of the constricted region on the chromosome and serves as the attachment point for microtubules

A

centromere

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13
Q

Filaments responsible for moving chromosomes in cell division

A

spindle microtubules

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14
Q

What is the name of the multiprotein complex that assembles on the centromere to attach to the spindles?

A

kinetochore

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15
Q

Types of chromosomes in the following order: centromere in the middle, slightly off the middle, almost at the end, and at the end of the chromosome

A

metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, and telocentric

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16
Q

What are the specific DNA sequences and associated proteins located at the tips of the chromosomes called? These serve to protect and stabilize the chromosome and controlling cell division

A

telomeres

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17
Q

Steps in the cell cycle that permit or prohibit continued growth and replication of the cell

A

checkpoints

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18
Q

What is the first and longest period of the cell cycle where cells grow and perform functions?

A

interphase

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19
Q

what is the second part of the cell cycle where division occurs?

A

M (mitotic) phase

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20
Q

What does cellular division include

A

mitosis and cytokinesis

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21
Q

What segment of the cell cycle sees the cell grow after cytokinesis

A

G1

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22
Q

What segment of the cell cycle sees the cell inter a non-dividing phase before the checkpoint

A

G0

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23
Q

What is the first checkpoint that delineates if the cell is committed to dividing or not?

A

G1/S checkpoint

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24
Q

What segment of the cell cycle sees the DNA duplicate?

A

S

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25
Q

What phase sees the cell prepare for mitosis?

A

G2

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26
Q

What is the last checkpoint in interphase that determines if the cell is ready to divide or not?

A

G2/M checkpoint

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27
Q

What is the checkpoint that ensures that the spindles are ready to split the chromosomes?

A

spindle-assembly checkpoint

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28
Q

What is the section of the cell cycle where chromosomes condense?

A

prophase

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29
Q

What protein binds to the DNA to cause condensation in prophase

A

condensin

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30
Q

What are the organized array of microtubules that move the chromosomes in mitosis

A

mitotic spindles

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31
Q

Where do the spindles grow from in animal cells?

A

centrosome

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32
Q

What is the organelle that creates the spindles?

A

centriole

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33
Q

What step sees the disintegration of the nuclear membrane and the arrival of the spindle microtubules

A

prometaphase

34
Q

What are spindles made of?

A

tubulin

35
Q

What is the phase where the chromosomes line up between the centrosomes?

A

metaphase

36
Q

What is the phase where the sister chromatids are separated

A

anaphase

37
Q

How are the chromosomes split?

A

Tubulin breaks down at the positive/centromere and negative/centrosome end

38
Q

What proteins break down the tubulin molecules in anaphase?

A

molecular motors disassemble tubulin molecules

39
Q

What phase of mitosis occurs when the chromosomes reach the centrosomes? Often happens in tandem with cytokinesis

A

telophase

40
Q

What is the process to create gametes?

A

meiosis

41
Q

What is the other name for sexual haploids?

A

gametes

42
Q

This is a term used to describe Meiosis I

A

reduction division

43
Q

What term is used to describe meiosis II

A

equational division

44
Q

term that describes the genetic material in chromosomes

A

chromatin

45
Q

What are the five stages of prophase I

A

leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, and diakinesis

46
Q

What stage of prophase I sees the chromosomes condense and become visible?

A

leptotene

47
Q

What section of prophase I sees the continued condensation of chromosomes and the pairing up occurs

A

zygotene

48
Q

What word means a very close pairing association? What is created

A

synapsis and bivalent/tetrad

49
Q

What section of prophase I sees the chromosomes become shorter and thicker and protein complexes appear to regulate the synapsis process

A

pachytene

50
Q

What is created to control the process of synapsis and ensure effective seperation?

A

three-part synaptonemal complex

51
Q

phenomenon where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information; generates genetic variation and is required to create a proper alignment and separation

A

crossing over

52
Q

Locations where two chromosomes cross in meiosis I

A

chiasma

53
Q

Stage of prophase one where the centromeres of the paired chromosomes move apart

A

diplotene

54
Q

Final stage of chromosome condensation occurs, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and spindles form

A

diakinesis

55
Q

What is the time in between meiosis I and II?

A

interkinesis

56
Q

What is the term for the creation of new combinations of alleles on a chromatid

A

intrachromosomal recombination

57
Q

What is the name of protein around the centromere in meiosis that prevents them from separating in anaphase I

A

shugoshin

58
Q

What is the process to produce the gametes of the male animal

A

spermatogensis

59
Q

What is the cell that is mitotically produced from primordial male germ cells

A

Spermatogonium

60
Q

What is the name of the sperm cell once it enters prophase I

A

primary spermatocyte

61
Q

What is the name of the haploid sperm cells that undergo meiosis II

A

secondary spermatocytes

62
Q

What is the name of sperm cells that are produced after Meiosis II?

A

spermatids

63
Q

What is the process to produce the gametes in the female animal

A

oogenesis

64
Q

What is the cell that is mitotically produced from the primordial female germ cells?

A

oogonium

65
Q

What is the name of the egg cell once it enters prophase I

A

primary oocyte

66
Q

What is the name of the egg cell that is larger due to the unequal cytokinesis after Meiosis I?

A

secondary oocyte

67
Q

What is the name of the smaller product of meiosis I in oogenesis that may or may not divide further?

A

first polar body

68
Q

What is the name of the larger egg cell after Meiosis II; Meiosis II does not occur until after sperm in contacted

A

ovum

69
Q

What is the name of the smaller egg cell produced in Meiosis II

A

second polar body

70
Q

What is the name of the result when the gametes combine

A

zygote

71
Q

What are the diploid reproductive cells int he male stamen of the plant?

A

microsporocytes

72
Q

What is the result after the meiosis of the diploid male reproductive cells in plants

A

microspores

73
Q

how many haploid nuclei are in microspores

A

2

74
Q

What haploid nucleus is responsible for creating the pollen tube?

A

tube nucleus

75
Q

What haploid nucleus divides mitotically to produce two sperm cells in plants

A

generative nucleus

76
Q

What is the diploid cell in the female part of the plant

A

megasporocytes

77
Q

What is the result of meiosis in the female part of the plant

A

megaspores

78
Q

How many megaspores survive?

A

1 of 4

79
Q

how many times do surviving megaspores divide its nucleus mitotically?

A

3

80
Q

What is the name of the gametes in plants?

A

gametophyte

81
Q

What happens in double fertilization

A

One of the sperm makes an embryo and the other makes a triploid endosperm

Genetics (12 decks)

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