Chapter 2 Flashcards
What holds sister chromatids together?
cohesin
What separates the sister chromatids during mitosis?
seperase
What inhabit the three domains of life
Eukaryotes, archaea, and bacteria
What protein is found within Eukaryotes, forms tightly packed chromosomes, and regulate accessibility to DNA? Note: similar compound in archaea
histones
The name for prokaryotic cell reproduction
Binary fission
What is the starting point for replication referred to as?
origin of replication
What is the name of the organized internal scaffolding in the nucleus that consists of a network of protein fibers? It also maintains the precise spatial relations among the components of the nucleus, takes part in DNA replication, expression of genes, and the modification of the gene products before they leave the nucleus.
nuclear matrix
Proteins that keep replicated DNA from getting tangled during replication
Structural Maintenance of chromosomes
What are cells called that carry two sets of genetic information?
diploid
What are cells that have only a single set of genetic information
haploid
What are cells that contain more than two sets of genetic information called?
polyploid
Name of the constricted region on the chromosome and serves as the attachment point for microtubules
centromere
Filaments responsible for moving chromosomes in cell division
spindle microtubules
What is the name of the multiprotein complex that assembles on the centromere to attach to the spindles?
kinetochore
Types of chromosomes in the following order: centromere in the middle, slightly off the middle, almost at the end, and at the end of the chromosome
metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, and telocentric
What are the specific DNA sequences and associated proteins located at the tips of the chromosomes called? These serve to protect and stabilize the chromosome and controlling cell division
telomeres
Steps in the cell cycle that permit or prohibit continued growth and replication of the cell
checkpoints
What is the first and longest period of the cell cycle where cells grow and perform functions?
interphase
what is the second part of the cell cycle where division occurs?
M (mitotic) phase
What does cellular division include
mitosis and cytokinesis
What segment of the cell cycle sees the cell grow after cytokinesis
G1
What segment of the cell cycle sees the cell inter a non-dividing phase before the checkpoint
G0
What is the first checkpoint that delineates if the cell is committed to dividing or not?
G1/S checkpoint
What segment of the cell cycle sees the DNA duplicate?
S
What phase sees the cell prepare for mitosis?
G2
What is the last checkpoint in interphase that determines if the cell is ready to divide or not?
G2/M checkpoint
What is the checkpoint that ensures that the spindles are ready to split the chromosomes?
spindle-assembly checkpoint
What is the section of the cell cycle where chromosomes condense?
prophase
What protein binds to the DNA to cause condensation in prophase
condensin
What are the organized array of microtubules that move the chromosomes in mitosis
mitotic spindles
Where do the spindles grow from in animal cells?
centrosome
What is the organelle that creates the spindles?
centriole
What step sees the disintegration of the nuclear membrane and the arrival of the spindle microtubules
prometaphase
What are spindles made of?
tubulin
What is the phase where the chromosomes line up between the centrosomes?
metaphase
What is the phase where the sister chromatids are separated
anaphase
How are the chromosomes split?
Tubulin breaks down at the positive/centromere and negative/centrosome end
What proteins break down the tubulin molecules in anaphase?
molecular motors disassemble tubulin molecules
What phase of mitosis occurs when the chromosomes reach the centrosomes? Often happens in tandem with cytokinesis
telophase
What is the process to create gametes?
meiosis
What is the other name for sexual haploids?
gametes
This is a term used to describe Meiosis I
reduction division
What term is used to describe meiosis II
equational division
term that describes the genetic material in chromosomes
chromatin
What are the five stages of prophase I
leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, and diakinesis
What stage of prophase I sees the chromosomes condense and become visible?
leptotene
What section of prophase I sees the continued condensation of chromosomes and the pairing up occurs
zygotene
What word means a very close pairing association? What is created
synapsis and bivalent/tetrad
What section of prophase I sees the chromosomes become shorter and thicker and protein complexes appear to regulate the synapsis process
pachytene
What is created to control the process of synapsis and ensure effective seperation?
three-part synaptonemal complex
phenomenon where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information; generates genetic variation and is required to create a proper alignment and separation
crossing over
Locations where two chromosomes cross in meiosis I
chiasma
Stage of prophase one where the centromeres of the paired chromosomes move apart
diplotene
Final stage of chromosome condensation occurs, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and spindles form
diakinesis
What is the time in between meiosis I and II?
interkinesis
What is the term for the creation of new combinations of alleles on a chromatid
intrachromosomal recombination
What is the name of protein around the centromere in meiosis that prevents them from separating in anaphase I
shugoshin
What is the process to produce the gametes of the male animal
spermatogensis
What is the cell that is mitotically produced from primordial male germ cells
Spermatogonium
What is the name of the sperm cell once it enters prophase I
primary spermatocyte
What is the name of the haploid sperm cells that undergo meiosis II
secondary spermatocytes
What is the name of sperm cells that are produced after Meiosis II?
spermatids
What is the process to produce the gametes in the female animal
oogenesis
What is the cell that is mitotically produced from the primordial female germ cells?
oogonium
What is the name of the egg cell once it enters prophase I
primary oocyte
What is the name of the egg cell that is larger due to the unequal cytokinesis after Meiosis I?
secondary oocyte
What is the name of the smaller product of meiosis I in oogenesis that may or may not divide further?
first polar body
What is the name of the larger egg cell after Meiosis II; Meiosis II does not occur until after sperm in contacted
ovum
What is the name of the smaller egg cell produced in Meiosis II
second polar body
What is the name of the result when the gametes combine
zygote
What are the diploid reproductive cells int he male stamen of the plant?
microsporocytes
What is the result after the meiosis of the diploid male reproductive cells in plants
microspores
how many haploid nuclei are in microspores
2
What haploid nucleus is responsible for creating the pollen tube?
tube nucleus
What haploid nucleus divides mitotically to produce two sperm cells in plants
generative nucleus
What is the diploid cell in the female part of the plant
megasporocytes
What is the result of meiosis in the female part of the plant
megaspores
How many megaspores survive?
1 of 4
how many times do surviving megaspores divide its nucleus mitotically?
3
What is the name of the gametes in plants?
gametophyte
What happens in double fertilization
One of the sperm makes an embryo and the other makes a triploid endosperm