Chapter 4 Flashcards
Whats the energy source for speech ?
The respiratory system is the energy source for speech
•You cannot have sound without energy
•Lungs provide the driving force for the vocal folds
•Try making your vocal folds vibrate without expiring!
Phonetion
sound production involving the larynx
What happens to the vocal folds during phonation ?
During phonation vocal fold vibration causes waves of sound pressure that are the basic sound source for voice and speech
How many layer and whats the deepest layer to the vocal folds ?
5 layers of tissue w deepest layer=muscle
•Glottis
–Space between the folds
–Most important laryngeal space for speech
–Defined by the variable sphincter that allows voicing
How do the vocal folds vibrate ?
As air passes between the vocal folds, they may be made to vibrate (video)
Subglottal (subglottic)
Area below the vocal folds
Where is the vocal mechanism housed ?
The vocal mechanism is housed in the larynx
•Larynx is the top cartilaginous portion of trachea
Biological function kf the larynx ?
Lifting
•Expelling foreign objects (coughing)
•Defecation, birth
Nonbiological function of the larynx
Sound source
–Provides the source for voiced speech
Voiceless sounds ?
Produced without use of vocal folds (e.g., /s/, /f/)
Voiced sounds ?
Produced by action of vocal folds (e.g., /z/, /v/ & all vowels)
Structure of the larynx?
Musculo-cartilaginous structure
•Located at the top of the last ring of the trachea
•Adjacent to cervical vertebrae 4
through 6
Length of the larynx
Average length of larynx
–44 mm - 36 mm (gender dependent)
Unpaired and paired cartilages lined with mocus membrame?
3 unpaired and 3 paired cartilages lined with mucous membrane
•Unpaired: epiglottis, cricoid, thyroid
•Paired: arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform
Connective laryngeal tissue
Thyrohyoid membrane •Lateral thyrohyoid ligament •Median thyrohyoid ligament •Hyo-epiglottic ligament •Thyroepiglottic ligament •Cricotracheal membrane
Laryngeal Landmarks
Vallecular sinuses or vellecute
Ary-epiglitic folds
Pyriform sinuses
Vocal fold layers
The vocal folds have layers:
–Squamous epithelium
–Lamina Propria
•Superficial layer (random orientation elastin)
•Intermediate layer (AP orientation elastin)
•Deep layer (collagen)
–Thyrovocalis of the thyroarytenoid muscle
Vocal ligaments consists on
Intermediate layer Lamina Propria
–Deep layer Lamina Propria
Mucosal lining of vocal fold consist of
Epithelial lining
–Superficial layer Lamina Propria
The cover consist of
Epithelial lining
–Superficial layer Lamina Propria
–Intermediate layer Lamina Propria
Body of vocal folds
Deep layer Lamina Propria
–Thyrovocalis
Venteicles or landmarks of vocal folds
Aditus laryngis – laryngeal entrance
•Laryngeal vestibule – b/w aditus and ventricular folds
•Laryngeal ventricle - b/w ventricular folds and true folds
Glottis
space between vocal folds
–Anterior commissure – anterior aspect of the glottis
–Posterior commissure – between the arytenoids
–Membraneous glottis – anterior 3/5
–Cartilaginous glottis – posterior 2/5
Where does the arytenoid cartilages sit ?
Paired arytenoid cartilages sit on the cricoid cartilage
thin portion in anterior aspect that widens in posterior aspect
Arytenoids articulate with cricoid on this posterior aspect
Arytenoids have 3 major parts
Apex, muscular process and vocal process
Corniculate cartilages articulate with arytenoids at the apex
Cricoid Cartilage
Shaped like a signet ring
Sits above the top-most tracheal ring
Forms the base of the larynx
Arytenoid Cartilages
Ride atop cricoid cartilage
Articulate with cricoid
Vocal folds attach to them
Landmarks Of Arytenoid Cartilage
Anterior: vocal process
Apex
Muscular process
Articular facets: bottom of arytenoid
where does the Unpaired thyroid cartilage sit?
Unpaired thyroid cartilage sits superior and anterior to the cricoid cartilage
Parts of the thyroid cartilage
2 superior cornua, 2 inferior cornua, thyroid angle
Epiglottis
leaf shaped structure in the anterior-interior aspect of the thyroid
Attaches via thyroepiglottic ligament
Landmarks Of Thyroid Cartilage
Thyroid notch Laminae Angle Anterior/posterior orientation Inferior cornua “cornu” means “horn” Plural is cornua Superior cornu attaches to hyoid Inferior cornua: attach to cricoid cartilage
epiglottis position and attachment
Leaf-like
Unpaired cartilage
Behind hyoid bone at root of tongue
Attached to interior of thyroid cartilage just below thyroid notch
Ligaments connects to root of tongue on anterior
Epiglottis protects larynx from food
hyoid bone
Unpaired hyoid bone Parts of the hyoid bone: Corpus Supports larynx Attached to tongue 23 muscles attach to it Unpaired
Laryngeal Joints
Cricothyroid joint
Cricoarytenoid joint
Cricoarytenoid joint
Allows rocking and gliding (and rotation?) of arytenoids
Relevant to changing vocal fold length, abducting, & adducting vocal folds
The primary movement of the cricoarytenoid is to rock in and out for adduction/ abduction
A second permitted movement is anterior/posterior gliding (long axis of the joint
Third possible movement: rotation
Cricothyroid joint
Allows thyroid to rock down and forward Relevant to pitch Pivot for thyroid Rotates forward (rocks): Increases tension on vocal folds
Intrinsic
originate AND insert in larynx
Extrinsic
originate OR insert in larynx
Intrinsic mm (originate AND insert in larynx)
Adductors
Abductors
Tensors
Relaxers
Extrinsic mm (originate OR insert in larynx
Laryngeal elevators
Laryngeal depressors
Laryngeal Muscle
The thyroarytenoid makes up the muscular portion of the vocal folds
The thyroarytenoid is made up of the
thyrovocalis
thyromuscularis
Laryngeal Muscles - Adductors
Mm involved in adducting (or closing) the vocal folds Lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA) Transverse arytenoid (TA) Oblique (inter)arytenoid (IA)
Lateral cricoarytenoid (LCA)
Attaches into muscular process
Moves muscular process forward and medially
Function: adduct vocal folds & increase medial compression
Transverse arytenoid (TA)
Attaches into posterior arytenoid contralaterally
Compresses vocal folds medially by approximating arytenoids
Oblique arytenoid
Oblique (inter)arytenoid (IA)
“X” shaped
Attaches into apex contralaterally
Moves apex medially
Laryngeal Muscles – Abductors
Mm involved in abducting (or opening) the vocal folds
Posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA)
Attaches into posterior arytenoid
Moves muscular process posteriorly
Laryngeal Muscles – Tensors
Mm involved in tensing the vocal folds
Cricothyroid (CT)
Thyrovocalis of the thyroartenoid (TA)
Thyrovocalis of the thyroartenoid (TA)
Moves thyroid and cricoid farther apart in anterior aspect with end result of stretching the vocal folds
Cricothyroid (CT)
Innervated by SLNe of vagus nerve
Moves thyroid and cricoid closer in anterior aspect with end result of stretching the vocal folds
Laryngeal Muscles – Relaxers
Mm involved in relaxing the vocal folds Thyromuscularis of the thyroartenoid (TA) Lateral to thyrovocalis Moves arytenoids closer to thyroid Lateral to thyrovocalis Moves arytenoids closer to thyroid
Extrinsic laryngeal
Extrinsic laryngeal mm work to elevate or depress the larynx/hyoid
Elevators (suprahyoid
Digastric, stylohyoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, genioglossus, hyoglossus, thyropharyngeus
Depressors (infrahyoid
Sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid
Suprahyoid and infrahyoid
Suprahyoid: muscles that insert above the hyoid
Infrahyoid: muscles that insert below the hyoid
Digastric m
2 bellies attached to hyoid via intermediate tendon
Moves hyoid up and back/forward
Stylohyoid m
From styloid process to hyoid corpus
Mylohyoid m (floor of the oral cavity
from underside of mandible to hyoid corpus
Geniohyoid
From mental spine to hyoid corpus
Stylohyoid
n: elevate and retract hyoid
Geniohyoid
elevate hyoid, depress mandible
Hyoglossus m
With hyoid stabilized, depresses tongue
Genioglossus m
With hyoid stabilized, depresses tongue
Thyropharyngeus m
Constricts pharynx and elevates larynx
Thyrohyoid m
Elevates larynx or moves hyoid down
The following laryngeal depressors work to depress larynx AND stabilize tongue
Sternohyoid m
Omohyoid m
Omohyoid m
2 bellies with superior b. attached to hyoid
Moves hyoid down
Sternohyoid m
From manubrium sterni into inferior hyoid corpus
Sternothyroid m
From manubrium sterni into hyoid corpus
Thyrohyoid m
Moves hyoid down OR raises larynx
“double duty”
