Chapter 2 Flashcards
What happens during Respiration
oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged
What does Oxygen help sustain?
helps to sustain our body’s cells
How is air pressure measured as?
as the force exerted on a chamber by air molecules
What is the formula for pressure ?
Pressure = Force/Area; P = F/A
BOYLE’S LA
if A ↑ then P ↓ and if A ↓ then P ↑
When applied to the lungs this means that as the lungs expand (and their volume ↑) then the air pressure in the lungs ↓
If you increase the volume then the pressure will decrease
Piston Analogy
hypodermic needle
What happens if we decrease in pressure?
itll cause air to enter in the lungs to balance it out
in nature what is the spontaneous tendency we seek?
there exists a spontaneous tendency to seek equilibrium
What happens when the lungs expand?
as the lungs expand they create a difference in air pressure between the region internal and the region external to the lungs
then Air then rushes into the lungs in order to stabilize the difference in air pressure
ribcage
Is where the lungs are situated and ribcage serve to protect and support them
What is the thorax consist of ?
the vertebrae/vertebral column from which the ribs extend and the sternum found anterior to the vertebrae
Where is the sternum found?
anterior to the vertebrae
What is anterior-superior boundary of the thorax
the first rib/clavicle
How many segments of bone the vertebral column has ?
33 segments of bone with 5 sections
What are the 5 sections of segments of bone in the vertebral?
Cervical (7) Thoracic (12) Lumbar (5) Sacral (5)* Coccyx (4 fused)*
How many segments of bone in the Cervical section?
7
How many segments of bone in the Thoracic section?
12
How many segments of bone in the Lumbar section?
5
How many segments of bone in the sacral section?
5
How many segments of bone in the coccyx section?
4 fused
What are Vertebrae separated by?
intervertebral discs
they are fatty disk to cushion the area. Articulating a meeting between bone
Where do Vertebrae fit together ?
at the articular facets
C1
atlas; superior articulation with the skull, supports the skull
support the cranium
C2
axis; provides pivot for the skull
Transverse foramina for vertebral artery
T1-12
12 thoracic vertebrae
What are the thoracic vertebrae Characterized by?
Characterized by large spinous and transverse processes
Ribs 2-9 attach to 3 different regions
L1-5
Lumbar Vertebrae
Lumbar Vertebrae
Larger vertebrae (L1-5) that provide attachment for abdominal and back mm, including the diaphragm
S1-5
Saccral Vertebrae
Saccral Vertebrae
fused and are called the sacrum
Coccyx
fused vertebrae
what is the first rib?
The clavicle
What are the names of the first two vertebrae?
Atlas and Axis
atlas is the first one and axis is the second one
What is the posterior portion of the vertebrae called?
Spinous process
this is the sticky and bony part
What is the anterior portion of the vertebrae called?
corpus
this is the thick part
What is the lateral portion of the vertebrae called?
Transverse processes
What is the name of the hole in the vertebra that the spinal cord passes through ?
Vertebral Foraman
The name of the holes between the vertebrae that nerves exist?
Intervertebral foramina
Intervertebral discs
They separate the vertabrae
Articular facets
is where the vertebrae meet. like they are name something articualt facet ex superior articular facet but it indicades thats where the vertebrae meet
Transverse foraman
holes where the arteries travel. only the atlas and axis have it
facet
Where bone meet
Odontoid process
it fits like a lock/key in the C1
Costal
Means related to the ribs so any where it says costal facet is where ribs attach
Articular facet
means when the superior vertebrae meets with other vertebrae
Pelvic girdle
provides structure for attachment of the lower appendages to the vertebral column
Components of the pelvic girdle
ilium, sacrum, pubic bone and ischium
ilium supports abdominal musculature
Sacrum articulates with L5
Bones that make up the pelvic girdle?
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Why the cervical vertabrae important?
The are important because first 7 and they are the ones below the cranium
what way and to what do the ribs attach?
The ribs attach anteriorly to the sternum
Pectoral girdle
provides structure for attachment of the upper appendages to the vertebral column
Components of the pectoral girdle
scapula and clavicle
Ribcage
Ribs slope downward during rest
Elevate during inspiration
Capable of rocking up and out
12 pairs of ribs, with all but inferior 2 connecting to sternum in the anterior aspect
3 types of ribs
true (1-7), false (8-10) and floating (11-12)
How do ribs articulate?
Each rib articulates with two vertebrae.
Each rib neck articulates with a vertebra of the same number.
Each rib head articulate with its vertebra and the vertebra above
What articulate wit the Sternum?
Clavicle and true ribs
Components of the sternum
Manubrium, corpus, xiphoid (ensiform) process
What are the bronchial passages?
Main stem bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Terminal bronchi (alveoli)
Trachea characteristics
Cartilaginous 16-20 ring open in posterior connected by smooth muscle stretch and flex anterior to esophagus
Trachea
The bronchi branch off into successively smaller passages until reaching the terminal respiratory bronchioles
Esophagus
Collapsed tube behind trachea, conduit to digestive system
Divisions of the Bronchial Tree
Mainstem bronchi Secondary bronchial division Tertiary bronchial division: Bronchioles Alveolus: socket, cavity
Bronchioles
7 respiratory divisions after tertiary division
Terminal bronchiole: last of the respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar duct branches to alveolar sac
How many respiratory divisions after tertiary division?
7
Terminal bronchiolele
: last of the respiratory bronchioles
Where does the Alveolar duct branches to?
Alveolar duct branches to alveolar sac
Lobes of the lungs
Right lung: 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)
Left lung: 2 lobes (superior, inferior)
lobes of the lungs are separated by ?
by deep grooves called fissures
Terminal bronchioles
feed into the alveolar duct which communicates with the alveoli
Alveoli contain ?
pneumocytes
Type I pneumocytes
engage in the actual oxygen/carbon dioxide gas exchange
Type II pneumocytes
produce surfactant, a substance that keeps alveoli from completely collapsing during respiration
How much alveoli the Lungs contain ?
over 300 million alveoli
Where is the Alveoli located ?
at ends of bronchial tree
where does alveolus receives blood ?
from 200,000 capillaries
what is Alveoli surrounded by?
by capillary beds where oxygen is transferred to the blood
What is transported out of alveoli?
Carbon dioxide
lines of defense to protect the lungs
Nostril hairs
Mucous membrane
Respiratory cilia remove pollutants
Lymphatic clearance
What are the The lungs and the interior thorax are lined with ?
pleurae
what cover the lungs?
Visceral pleurae
what covers the thorax?
Parietal pleurae
wHY ARE The visceral and parietal pleurae important
are continuous and essential to lung movement
What helps keep together pleurae? and creates surface tension
Surfactant lies between the pleurae creating surface tension to help keep them together
where is Costal (parietal) pleurae ?
On inner surface of rib cage
Visceral pleurae
On surface of lungs
What causes lung movement?
Movement of thoracic structures covered by (parietal) pleurae will be followed by movement of the visceral pleurae, thus causing the lungs to move
what will Inferior movement of the diaphragm cause?
Inferior movement of the diaphragm will cause the lungs to expand in an inferior direction
what will Transverse movement of the ribcage cause?
Transverse movement of the ribcage will cause the lungs to expand in a transverse direction
Inspiratory Musculature
Inspiration occurs upon thoracic expansion
The thorax can expand vertically and transversely
Mediastinum
Central portion of thorax that contains the heart, esophagus, trachea and other organs
Middle space within which heart resides
What does Vertical thoracic expansions involves ?
Vertical thoracic expansions involves primarily the diaphragm
The diaphragm separates the thorax from the abdomen
What does inspiration occurs upon?
Thoracic expansion
How does the thorax expand?
Vertically and transversely
Vertical thoracic expansions of the lungs involves ?
Primarily the diaphragm
What does the diaphragm separate?
the thorax from the abdomen
What happens when the thorax expands vertically or transversely?
) the thoracic volume increases
What does the diaphragm consist of ?
an intermediate region, the central tendon, surrounded by muscle
What does the diaphragm attaches to?
the sternum, the ribs, and the vertebral column
what has the effect of expanding the lungs vertically ?
The diaphragm Contraction pulls the central tendon down and in an anterior
What helps to promote inspiration?
Muscles of the thorax and the neck
Quiet inspiration
Only need the diaphragm
Forced inspiration
need accessory muscles
Can a person survive on diaphragmatic support without accessory muscles?
yes
How do accessory inspiration muscles help in inspiration?
They move the ribcage in a superior direction and therefore transversely.
Anterior thoracic muscles of inspiration
External intercostal
Run between the ribs, elevate the ribs
Posterior thoracic muscles of inspiration
Levatores costarum
Serratus posterior superior
Elevate ribs
what are The major accessory muscles of inspiration?
External intercostals = striated mm found between the ribs
Accessory Inspiratory muscles for stabilization and support
Important for inspiration
Some help control neck flexion and extension
Stabilize the vertebral column and thus ribs
accessory inspiration muscles in the neck
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Scalenes
they help with support
Inspiratory) muscles of upper arm and shoulder
Pectoralis major and minor Serratus anterior Levator scapulae Rhomboideus major and minor Trapezius Potential to increase anterior - posterior dimension of thorax (also accessory inspiratory mm)
How does Expiration occurs?
occurs via a reduction in thoracic volume and results in the elimination of CO2
How does Passive expiration occurs?
when forces of elasticity, and gravity act on the ribs and ribcage after air has been inspired
What does Forced (active) expiration involves?
involves the active participation of abdominal and thoracic mm
what are The major accessory muscles of expiration?
Internal intercostal
What do the expiratory muscles do in force expiration?
These mm help to reduce the thorax in both transverse and vertical dimensions (result: air being pushed out of the lungs/expired)
Muscles that help to pull the ribcage down?
Internal intercostals (& transverse thoracic mm
Muscles that help to raise the diaphragm
Internal & external oblique abdominis,
transverse abdominis, and
rectus abdominis
Muscles of expiration
Quadratus lumborum
Serratus posterior inferior
and in forced expiration
Internal & external oblique abdominis, transverse abdominis, and rectus abdominis
layers of abdominal muscles from the deepest to the surface
transverse abdominis as the deepest layer
The internal obliques lie on top of the transverse abdominis
The external obliques lie on top of the internals
