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A&P For Speech, language And Hearing > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens during Respiration

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged

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2
Q

What does Oxygen help sustain?

A

helps to sustain our body’s cells

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3
Q

How is air pressure measured as?

A

as the force exerted on a chamber by air molecules

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4
Q

What is the formula for pressure ?

A

Pressure = Force/Area; P = F/A

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5
Q

BOYLE’S LA

A

if A ↑ then P ↓ and if A ↓ then P ↑
When applied to the lungs this means that as the lungs expand (and their volume ↑) then the air pressure in the lungs ↓
If you increase the volume then the pressure will decrease

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6
Q

Piston Analogy

A

hypodermic needle

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7
Q

What happens if we decrease in pressure?

A

itll cause air to enter in the lungs to balance it out

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8
Q

in nature what is the spontaneous tendency we seek?

A

there exists a spontaneous tendency to seek equilibrium

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9
Q

What happens when the lungs expand?

A

as the lungs expand they create a difference in air pressure between the region internal and the region external to the lungs
then Air then rushes into the lungs in order to stabilize the difference in air pressure

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10
Q

ribcage

A

Is where the lungs are situated and ribcage serve to protect and support them

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11
Q

What is the thorax consist of ?

A

the vertebrae/vertebral column from which the ribs extend and the sternum found anterior to the vertebrae

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12
Q

Where is the sternum found?

A

anterior to the vertebrae

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13
Q

What is anterior-superior boundary of the thorax

A

the first rib/clavicle

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14
Q

How many segments of bone the vertebral column has ?

A

33 segments of bone with 5 sections

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15
Q

What are the 5 sections of segments of bone in the vertebral?

A 
Cervical (7)
Thoracic (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacral (5)*
Coccyx (4 fused)*
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16
Q

How many segments of bone in the Cervical section?

A

7

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17
Q

How many segments of bone in the Thoracic section?

A

12

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18
Q

How many segments of bone in the Lumbar section?

A

5

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19
Q

How many segments of bone in the sacral section?

A

5

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20
Q

How many segments of bone in the coccyx section?

A

4 fused

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21
Q

What are Vertebrae separated by?

A

intervertebral discs

they are fatty disk to cushion the area. Articulating a meeting between bone

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22
Q

Where do Vertebrae fit together ?

A

at the articular facets

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23
Q

C1

A

atlas; superior articulation with the skull, supports the skull

support the cranium

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24
Q

C2

A

axis; provides pivot for the skull

Transverse foramina for vertebral artery

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25
Q

T1-12

A

12 thoracic vertebrae

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26
Q

What are the thoracic vertebrae Characterized by?

A

Characterized by large spinous and transverse processes

Ribs 2-9 attach to 3 different regions

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27
Q

L1-5

A

Lumbar Vertebrae

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28
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A

Larger vertebrae (L1-5) that provide attachment for abdominal and back mm, including the diaphragm

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29
Q

S1-5

A

Saccral Vertebrae

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30
Q

Saccral Vertebrae

A

fused and are called the sacrum

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31
Q

Coccyx

A

fused vertebrae

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32
Q

what is the first rib?

A

The clavicle

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33
Q

What are the names of the first two vertebrae?

A

Atlas and Axis

atlas is the first one and axis is the second one

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34
Q

What is the posterior portion of the vertebrae called?

A

Spinous process

this is the sticky and bony part

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35
Q

What is the anterior portion of the vertebrae called?

A

corpus

this is the thick part

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36
Q

What is the lateral portion of the vertebrae called?

A

Transverse processes

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37
Q

What is the name of the hole in the vertebra that the spinal cord passes through ?

A

Vertebral Foraman

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38
Q

The name of the holes between the vertebrae that nerves exist?

A

Intervertebral foramina

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39
Q

Intervertebral discs

A

They separate the vertabrae

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40
Q

Articular facets

A

is where the vertebrae meet. like they are name something articualt facet ex superior articular facet but it indicades thats where the vertebrae meet

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41
Q

Transverse foraman

A

holes where the arteries travel. only the atlas and axis have it

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42
Q

facet

A

Where bone meet

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43
Q

Odontoid process

A

it fits like a lock/key in the C1

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44
Q

Costal

A

Means related to the ribs so any where it says costal facet is where ribs attach

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45
Q

Articular facet

A

means when the superior vertebrae meets with other vertebrae

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46
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

provides structure for attachment of the lower appendages to the vertebral column

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47
Q

Components of the pelvic girdle

A

ilium, sacrum, pubic bone and ischium
ilium supports abdominal musculature
Sacrum articulates with L5

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48
Q

Bones that make up the pelvic girdle?

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

49
Q

Why the cervical vertabrae important?

A

The are important because first 7 and they are the ones below the cranium

50
Q

what way and to what do the ribs attach?

A

The ribs attach anteriorly to the sternum

51
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

provides structure for attachment of the upper appendages to the vertebral column

52
Q

Components of the pectoral girdle

A

scapula and clavicle

53
Q

Ribcage

A

Ribs slope downward during rest
Elevate during inspiration
Capable of rocking up and out
12 pairs of ribs, with all but inferior 2 connecting to sternum in the anterior aspect

54
Q

3 types of ribs

A

true (1-7), false (8-10) and floating (11-12)

55
Q

How do ribs articulate?

A

Each rib articulates with two vertebrae.
Each rib neck articulates with a vertebra of the same number.
Each rib head articulate with its vertebra and the vertebra above

56
Q

What articulate wit the Sternum?

A

Clavicle and true ribs

57
Q

Components of the sternum

A

Manubrium, corpus, xiphoid (ensiform) process

58
Q

What are the bronchial passages?

A

Main stem bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Terminal bronchi (alveoli)

59
Q

Trachea characteristics

A 
Cartilaginous
16-20 ring open in posterior
connected by smooth muscle
stretch and flex
anterior to esophagus
60
Q

Trachea

A

The bronchi branch off into successively smaller passages until reaching the terminal respiratory bronchioles

61
Q

Esophagus

A

Collapsed tube behind trachea, conduit to digestive system

62
Q

Divisions of the Bronchial Tree

A 
Mainstem bronchi 
Secondary bronchial division
Tertiary bronchial division:  
Bronchioles  
Alveolus:  socket, cavity
63
Q

Bronchioles

A

7 respiratory divisions after tertiary division
Terminal bronchiole: last of the respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar duct branches to alveolar sac

64
Q

How many respiratory divisions after tertiary division?

A

7

65
Q

Terminal bronchiolele

A

: last of the respiratory bronchioles

66
Q

Where does the Alveolar duct branches to?

A

Alveolar duct branches to alveolar sac

67
Q

Lobes of the lungs

A

Right lung: 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)

Left lung: 2 lobes (superior, inferior)

68
Q

lobes of the lungs are separated by ?

A

by deep grooves called fissures

69
Q

Terminal bronchioles

A

feed into the alveolar duct which communicates with the alveoli

70
Q

Alveoli contain ?

A

pneumocytes

71
Q

Type I pneumocytes

A

engage in the actual oxygen/carbon dioxide gas exchange

72
Q

Type II pneumocytes

A

produce surfactant, a substance that keeps alveoli from completely collapsing during respiration

73
Q

How much alveoli the Lungs contain ?

A

over 300 million alveoli

74
Q

Where is the Alveoli located ?

A

at ends of bronchial tree

75
Q

where does alveolus receives blood ?

A

from 200,000 capillaries

76
Q

what is Alveoli surrounded by?

A

by capillary beds where oxygen is transferred to the blood

77
Q

What is transported out of alveoli?

A

Carbon dioxide

78
Q

lines of defense to protect the lungs

A

Nostril hairs
Mucous membrane
Respiratory cilia remove pollutants
Lymphatic clearance

79
Q

What are the The lungs and the interior thorax are lined with ?

A

pleurae

80
Q

what cover the lungs?

A

Visceral pleurae

81
Q

what covers the thorax?

A

Parietal pleurae

82
Q

wHY ARE The visceral and parietal pleurae important

A

are continuous and essential to lung movement

83
Q

What helps keep together pleurae? and creates surface tension

A

Surfactant lies between the pleurae creating surface tension to help keep them together

84
Q

where is Costal (parietal) pleurae ?

A

On inner surface of rib cage

85
Q

Visceral pleurae

A

On surface of lungs

86
Q

What causes lung movement?

A

Movement of thoracic structures covered by (parietal) pleurae will be followed by movement of the visceral pleurae, thus causing the lungs to move

87
Q

what will Inferior movement of the diaphragm cause?

A

Inferior movement of the diaphragm will cause the lungs to expand in an inferior direction

88
Q

what will Transverse movement of the ribcage cause?

A

Transverse movement of the ribcage will cause the lungs to expand in a transverse direction

89
Q

Inspiratory Musculature

A

Inspiration occurs upon thoracic expansion

The thorax can expand vertically and transversely

90
Q

Mediastinum

A

Central portion of thorax that contains the heart, esophagus, trachea and other organs

Middle space within which heart resides

91
Q

What does Vertical thoracic expansions involves ?

A

Vertical thoracic expansions involves primarily the diaphragm

The diaphragm separates the thorax from the abdomen

92
Q

What does inspiration occurs upon?

A

Thoracic expansion

93
Q

How does the thorax expand?

A

Vertically and transversely

94
Q

Vertical thoracic expansions of the lungs involves ?

A

Primarily the diaphragm

95
Q

What does the diaphragm separate?

A

the thorax from the abdomen

96
Q

What happens when the thorax expands vertically or transversely?

A

) the thoracic volume increases

97
Q

What does the diaphragm consist of ?

A

an intermediate region, the central tendon, surrounded by muscle

98
Q

What does the diaphragm attaches to?

A

the sternum, the ribs, and the vertebral column

99
Q

what has the effect of expanding the lungs vertically ?

A

The diaphragm Contraction pulls the central tendon down and in an anterior

100
Q

What helps to promote inspiration?

A

Muscles of the thorax and the neck

101
Q

Quiet inspiration

A

Only need the diaphragm

102
Q

Forced inspiration

A

need accessory muscles

103
Q

Can a person survive on diaphragmatic support without accessory muscles?

A

yes

104
Q

How do accessory inspiration muscles help in inspiration?

A

They move the ribcage in a superior direction and therefore transversely.

105
Q

Anterior thoracic muscles of inspiration

A

External intercostal

Run between the ribs, elevate the ribs

106
Q

Posterior thoracic muscles of inspiration

A

Levatores costarum
Serratus posterior superior
Elevate ribs

107
Q

what are The major accessory muscles of inspiration?

A

External intercostals = striated mm found between the ribs

108
Q

Accessory Inspiratory muscles for stabilization and support

A

Important for inspiration
Some help control neck flexion and extension
Stabilize the vertebral column and thus ribs

109
Q

accessory inspiration muscles in the neck

A

Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Scalenes
they help with support

110
Q

Inspiratory) muscles of upper arm and shoulder

A 
Pectoralis major and minor
Serratus anterior
Levator scapulae
Rhomboideus major and minor
Trapezius
Potential to increase anterior - posterior dimension of thorax (also accessory inspiratory mm)
111
Q

How does Expiration occurs?

A

occurs via a reduction in thoracic volume and results in the elimination of CO2

112
Q

How does Passive expiration occurs?

A

when forces of elasticity, and gravity act on the ribs and ribcage after air has been inspired

113
Q

What does Forced (active) expiration involves?

A

involves the active participation of abdominal and thoracic mm

114
Q

what are The major accessory muscles of expiration?

A

Internal intercostal

115
Q

What do the expiratory muscles do in force expiration?

A

These mm help to reduce the thorax in both transverse and vertical dimensions (result: air being pushed out of the lungs/expired)

116
Q

Muscles that help to pull the ribcage down?

A

Internal intercostals (& transverse thoracic mm

117
Q

Muscles that help to raise the diaphragm

A

Internal & external oblique abdominis,
transverse abdominis, and
rectus abdominis

118
Q

Muscles of expiration

A

Quadratus lumborum
Serratus posterior inferior
and in forced expiration
Internal & external oblique abdominis, transverse abdominis, and rectus abdominis

119
Q

layers of abdominal muscles from the deepest to the surface

A

transverse abdominis as the deepest layer
The internal obliques lie on top of the transverse abdominis
The external obliques lie on top of the internals

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