chapter 1 Flashcards
Anatomy
The study of the structure of an organism
Physiology
study of the functions of living organism and its components
Clinical anatomy
Anatomy as related to pathological entity, and especially as related to surgery
Comparative Anatomy
Anatomy that studies interspecies comparisons
Embryology (Developmental Anatomy)
Anatomy with reference to period from conception to birth
Descriptive Anatomy
Anatomy that relates to the systems of body
Where are anatomical terms derived from?
Latin and Greek root
Anatomical Position
Body erect
Palms, arms and hands face forward
Axis
The imaginary midline around which the body pivots
The axial skeleton
Head and trunk
Spinal cord is axis
The appendicular Skeleton
Lower limbs
Upper Limbs
Neuraxis
Axis of the brain
Thorax
chest
what are the planes of references
Frontal/coronal plane
Midsagittal plane
Transverse plane
Frontal/Coronal plane
Divides the body into front and back halves
Midsagittal Plane
Divides the body into right and left halves
Sagittal plane
Cut parallel to the medial plane and divides the body into right and left halves
Transverse Plane
Divides body into upper and lover halves
Anterior or ventral surface
Front of the body
Posterior or dorsal surface
Back of body
Rostral
Towards the head or nose or just face in general
Superficial surface
Surface of body
Peripheral Surface
Direction towards the surface
Deep
Direction away from the surface
Distal
Point farthest from/away from the trunk
Proximal
Point closest to/towards the trunk
Superior
Above, farther from the ground
Inferior
Below, closer to the ground
Prone
Body horizontal with face down, on the belly
Pronation
Ventral surface directed inferiorly (prone)
Supine
Body Horizontal with face up, on the back
Supination
Ventral Surface directed superiorly (supine)
Lateral
The side
Medial/central
Towards the median/ mid-sagittal plane
What is the trunk or torso composed of?
The thorax and the abdomen
What is the pelvis formed by?
The hip bones
The upper and lower extremities are attached to?
the trunk
Cranial Portion
Contains the brain and its components
Facial Portion
Contains the mouth, pharynx, nasal cavity, and structures related to the upper airway and mastication (chewing)
Cranial Cavity contains ?
Brain
Vertebral canal
Thoracic Cavity contains ?
Lungs and related structures
Pericardial Cavity contains ?
Heart
Abdominal Cavity contains ?
Digestive Organs
Basic Tissues of the body
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Tissue
Nucleus and specialized cellular material
Epithelial Tissue
Superficial layer of mucous membrane and cells that make up the skin and lines all cavities/passageways
Lacks of intercellular material
Connective tissue
Support tissue with large amount of intercellular material or matrix
Muscular Tissue
Specialized tissue that can be stimulated and made to contract.
Muscular tissue is contractile
Nervous Tissue
Specialized tissue whose role is communication between cells.
Specialized for communication
Consists of neurons or nerve cells
Functions to transfer information
Roles of epithelial tissue
Acts as barrier against hostile agents such as infections organisms
Prevents dehydration and fluid loss
Functions of epithelial tissue
Covers surface of the body
Covers lining of cavities and passageways
Shortage of intercellular material
Why does Mucous membrane arise from epithelium?
To secrete mucus
Cilial Tissue
Some epithelial tissue contain cilial
Cilial tissue have hair-like protrusions that move matter from one location to another
Connective tissue funtison
Binds together and supports tissues and organs
Composed of matrix
Protective Functions
Types of connective tissue
Cartilage
Blood
Bone
Types of Cartilage
Hyaline
Fibro-cartilage
Yellow (elastic ) cartilage
Connective tissue in blood
Plasma and blood cells
Bone connective tissue
Hardest form of connective tissue (compact or spongy)
Classification of muscular tissue
Voluntary striated muscle (skeletal muscle)
Involuntary smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Nervous tissue transfer information
From one neuron to another
From neuron to muscle
From sensory receptors to other neural entities
Neurons
Involved directly in information transfer
Glial Cells
Involved in providing nutrition and support to neurons
Fascia
Sheet-like membrane that surrounds organs
Ligaments
Fibrous tissue that binds structures of the body together, connects bones or cartilage
Tendons
Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone or cartilage
Bones
Rigid skeletal support and protection of organs and soft tissues.
Muscles
Aggregates of contractive muscle fibers with a common function
Can shorten to about one third their length
Origin
point of attachment of the least mobile element of a structure.
is the point of attachment of the least mobile element (as related to speech function)
Insertion
point of attachment that moves with contraction
is the point of attachment that moves when a muscle contracts
Body Systems
Muscular, skeletal, respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and nervous systems
Cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, groups of organs operate in a systemic fashion (Organs can be part of more than one system)
Systems are groups of organs that perform a specific function
Systems of Speech
Respiratory system
Phonatory system
Articulatory/resonatory system
Nervous system
Nervous system In speech
Controls speech processes
Articulatory/resonatory system in speech
Shapes the oral cavity for production of sounds of speech
Phonatory system
Produces voiced sound
Respiratory system in speech
Involves respiration
Caudal
Towards the back or tail
Joints
Joints form union of bone with other bones or cartilage with other cartilage
