chapter 13/14 more neuro

Question 1

fibers in the Medial Cerebral Cortex

Answer 1

In the medial aspect of cerebral cortex we find a group of fibers inferior to the gray matter of the hemispheres
These myelinated fibers collectively are called the corpus callosum

Question 2

The corpus callosum

Answer 2

connects analogous regions of the 2 hemispheres
This allows for information exchange between right and left sides
A way that parts of the cerebrum talk to each other
The corpus callosum is the floor of the longitudinal fissure and the roof of the lateral ventricles

Question 3

Immediately superior to the corpus callosum

Answer 3

is a gyrus called the cingulate gyrus (on L and R sides)

Question 4

Inferior Cerebral Cortex

Answer 4

In the inferior aspect of cerebral cortex we have orbital frontal cortex that includes
The olfactory sulcus above the olfactory tract
Within the parahippocampal gyrus we find the hippocampus that is involved in memory
Other landmarks include
Optic chiasm, hypophysis (autonomic regulation), cerebral aqueduct, lateral sulcus

Question 5

Fibers

Answer 5

Projection fibers

Association fibers

Commissural fibers

Question 6

Projection fibers

Answer 6

Fibers connecting cortex with distant locations
E.g., corona radiata
Mass of fibers running to (afferent fibers) and from (efferent fibers) cortex
Condenses at internal capsule

Question 7

Association fibers

Answer 7

Fibers connecting regions in the same hemisphere
Short fibers connect adjacent gyri
Long fibers connect ipsilateral lobes
E.g., uncinate fasciculus, arcuate fasciculus (superior and middle frontal with P,T,O)

Question 8

Commissural fibers

Answer 8

Fibers from 1 hemisphere to the corresponding location in the other

Corpus callosum, anterior commissure, posterior commissure

Question 9

Corona Radiata

Answer 9

“Corona radiata” means radiating crown
Projection fibers from and to the cortex
condenses as it descends

Question 10

Subcortex

Answer 10

Structures below the cortical mantle are called subcortical structures 
Subcortical structures include
Basal ganglia
Hippocampus
Diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)

Question 11

Basal Ganglia

Answer 11

The basal ganglia are cell bodies involved in controlling background movement and initiating movement patterns
Structures of the basal ganglia include
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
sub-thalamic nucleus 
substantia nigra

Question 12

Hippocampus

Answer 12

Has a large role in memory

Communicates with temporal lobe and hypothalamus

Question 13

Diencephalon

Answer 13

Components include
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

Question 14

Thalamus

Answer 14

Paired (L & R) structures that are the final common relay for sensory information
Afferent information from the periphery about all senses (save olfaction) pass through the thalamus
Also relays information from cerebellum to motor cortex
Fibers from thalamus project to cortex via internal capsule and corona radiata
26 thalamic nuclei with differing patterns of cortical and non-cortical connections

Question 15

Hypothalamus

Answer 15

Makes up floor of 3rd ventricle
Various functions
Regulates reproductive behavior
Regulates desire for food/water
Regulates digestive process control

Question 16

Cerebro-vascular system

Answer 16

The vascular system of the brain works to continue the circulation of blood throughout the nervous system
Brain cells use a large amount of oxygen from the vascular system in their normal functioning
Interrupted circulation can therefore have deleterious effects

Question 17

what carries blood to the brain?

Answer 17

The paired internal carotid and vertebral arteries carry oxygenated blood to the brain

Question 18

Internal Carotids

Answer 18

The Internal Carotid Arteries divide into
Anterior cerebral artery
Supplies medial surface of brain, including corpus callosum & leg regions of motor strip
Middle cerebral artery
Largest branch of internal carotid
Supplies lateral surfaces of brain, including parts of basal ganglia

Question 19

Anterior cerebral artery

Answer 19

Supplies medial surface of brain, including corpus callosum & leg regions of motor strip

Question 20

Middle cerebral artery

Answer 20

Largest branch of internal carotid

Supplies lateral surfaces of brain, including parts of basal ganglia

Question 21

Vertebral arteries

Answer 21

The vertebral arteries travel along anterior medulla

At superior medulla, left and right vertebral arteries join and become basilar artery
Basilar artery gives rise to

Paired posterior cerebral arteries
Supply inferior temporal and occipital and medial occipital lobe

Question 22

Circle of Willis

Answer 22

Promotes equalized blood flow and parallel distribution

Question 23

Venous drainage

Answer 23

Veins (venous system) provide route for transportation of de-oxygenated blood away from brain and to the lungs
Re-oxygenated at lungs

Question 24

schemic CVA

Answer 24

Ischemic CVA
~80% of strokes are due to ischemia
Ischemia = occlusion of a blood vessel that partially/totally blocks blood supply to part of the brain

Question 25

Hemorrhagic CVA

Answer 25

blood vessel in the brain ruptures or bleeds
An aneurysm is the dilation of a blood vessel that may put pressure on surrounding regions
A bursted anyeursm is one possible source of a hemorrhage

Question 26

Types of Ischemic CVA

Answer 26

Thrombosis

Embolism

Question 27

Embolism

Answer 27

Traveling particle blocks blood vessel

E.g., a blood clot

Question 28

Thrombosis

Answer 28

Blood vessel obstruction via build up of a thrombus that reduces stops flow
E.g., atherosclerotic plaque

Question 29

CVAs

Answer 29

A cerebro-vascular accident may result in hemiplegia, aphasia, sensory changes, including visual changes
MCA occlusion is most common and results in disability related to areas served by the MCA
Including sensory and motor deficits, and impaired language
Laterality of impairment relates to occlusion location, and is typically contralateral to occlusion location

Question 30

Cerebellum

Answer 30

Receives sensory information from entire body and responsible for coordinating motor movements