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A&P For Speech, language And Hearing > chapter 11/12 neuroanamony > Flashcards

chapter 11/12 neuroanamony Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system

A

The nervous system (in particular cerebral cortex) is that body system responsible for voluntary activity

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2
Q

The nervous system is the source of

A

The nervous system is the source of our (unique?) communication ability
Human brains are heavier and more developed than primates
Note, laryngological differences also

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3
Q

Cerebrum

A

largest mass of brain tissue

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4
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

Left and right hemispheres connected by corpus callosum

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5
Q

CNS (aka neuraxis)

A

Brain and spinal cord

Housed in bone

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6
Q

PNS

A

12 pairs cranial nerves + 31 pairs spinal nerves + sensory receptors
Mostly outside of bone

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7
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

regulates bodily functions & activity of specific organs (not consciously controlled)
controls vital functions (e.g., respiration and digestion)

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8
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

: voluntary control of body movements and reception of external stimuli
Somatic: pertaining to the body

Conscious/voluntary control of skeletal mm

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9
Q

2 components of Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

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10
Q

Parasympathetic

A

NS slows and relaxes (“rest and digest”) [damping response following excitation

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11
Q

sympathetic

A

NS stimulates organs and systems (“fight or flight”) [excitatory response to stimulation

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12
Q

2 components Somatic Nervous System

A

motor and sensory

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13
Q

motor

A

neural impulses sent from brain via brainstem and spinal cord by means of tracts (pathways) to periphery [efferent]

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14
Q

sensory

A

monitoring of information regarding body’s status and the environment sent to the brain [afferent]

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15
Q

Sensation

A

Sensation begins with the reception of a stimulus by a receptor cell and continues with the passage of information onto the brain

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16
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

physical distortion receptors

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17
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

specific molecules

E.g., Olfaction, gustation

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18
Q

Photoreceptors

A

light

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19
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Temperature

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20
Q

Specific sensory classes

A

somatic and special

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21
Q

somatic

A

related to pain, thermal stimulation, mechanical stimulation.

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22
Q

special

A

involved in changing a stimulus to another form of energy (e.g., gustation, olfaction, vision, hearing)

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23
Q

All structures are constructed from

A

All structures are constructed from neurons and glia

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24
Q

neurons

A

Neurons transmit information

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25
Q

glial cells

A

Glial cells are involved in support functions

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26
Q

Neurons consist

A

Neurons consist of a cell body/soma, axon and dendrite

Neurons have 2 responses (excitation/inhibition)

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27
Q

A nerve cell in the PNS

A

ganglion

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28
Q

Neuronal anatomy

A

Axon: process that transmits info from the soma
Hillock
Myelin sheath [insulation]
Nodes of Ranvier
Terminal end boutons
Neurotransmitter
Dendrite: process that transmits info to the soma
Synaptic cleft: region between 2 communicating neurons

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29
Q

Axons are covered with

A

myelin sheaths

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30
Q

Schwann

A

cells make PNS myelin

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31
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

make CNS myelin

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32
Q

Myelin

A

speeds up neural conduction

33
Q

Terminal end boutons contain

A

Terminal end boutons contain synaptic vesicles in which a chemical (neurotransmitter) is held
The neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft and bind to receptor sites on the adjacent neuron

34
Q

Cell bodies

A

gray matter

35
Q

Myelin

A

white matter

36
Q

Interneurons:

A

communicate bw neurons

37
Q

Motor neurons

A

activate mm or gland response

38
Q

Glial cells

A

Glial cells involved in support functions
Different varieties
Astrocytes: supply nutrients
Oligodendrocytes: myelin
Schwann cells: myelin
Microglia: phagocytosis (get rid of waste)

39
Q

The cerebrum is made up of 2 halves or hemispheres

A

left and right hemispheres

Hemispheres are grossly similar anatomically

40
Q

Situated in the postero-inferior aspect of the cerebrum

A

lies the cerebellum (little cerebrum)

41
Q

Anterior to the cerebellum

A

lies a thickening of the spinal cord called the brainstem

42
Q

3 meningeal linings protect and support the brain structure

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

43
Q

Dura Mater

A

most superficial
most superficial, bilayered lining
Contains meningeal arteries

44
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

intermediate

Blood vessels deep to arachnoid, in pia
Spider-like structure with cerebral spinal fluid in sub-arachnoid space
Separates superficial and deep meningeal linings

45
Q

Pia Mater

A

deepest
Deepest layer
Major arteries and veins course through it

46
Q

The meningeal linings

A

to hold structures in place during movement, provide support for structures
he meninges help to protect from shock

47
Q

Meninges have 4 major infoldings

A

Falx cerebri

Falx cerebelli

Tentorium cerebelli

48
Q

Falx cerebri

A

Dura that separates L and R hemispheres

49
Q

Falx cerebelli

A

Dura that separates L and R cerebellar hemispheres

50
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

Dura that separates cerebrum and cerebellum

51
Q

Spinal cord meninges

A

parallel the structure and function of the cerebral meninges

52
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

is a fluid substance traveling in sub-arachnoid space that
Cushions neural tissue
Engages in nutrient delivery
Helps with waste removal
CSF is completely replenished every 7 hours
CSF travels from lateral ventricles to 3rd and 4th ventricles to sub-arachnoid space and drains into venous system
CSF circulates around outside of brain and spinal cord

53
Q

CSF is produced

A

produced by groups of tissue called choroid plexus

54
Q

CSF is found

A 
in various spaces throughout the cerebrum 
Ventricular system
Lateral (right and left)
3rd
4th
55
Q

what ventricles produce most CSF

A

Choroid plexuses of the lateral cerebral ventricles produce most CSF

56
Q

Lateral ventricles

A

C-shaped paired structures

Lateral ventricles are connected to 3rd ventricle via interventricular foramen of Monro

57
Q

3rd ventricle

A

unpaired cavity b/w L and R thalami and hypothalami that are connected via the inter-thalamic adhesion

58
Q

4th ventricle

A

space b/w brainstem and cerebellum

59
Q

Cerebrum

A

= 2 hemispheres with an outer surface or cortex that has both columnar and laminar organization

60
Q

Laminar organization

A

cortex has 6 layers

61
Q

Introduction to Brodmann Areas

A

Brodmann classified areas of cortex based on the dominant neuron he saw in ea.
Divides brain into 47 regions
Is the standard reference for cerebral cortex
The areas are amazingly accurate in identifying functional differences
e.g., BA 44,45 = Broca’s area

62
Q

Cerebral Landmarks

A

Longitudinal fissure (aka superior longitudinal fissure or interhemispheric fissure)
Gyri and sulci (and fissures)
6 lobes
Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, limbic, insular
Lateral sulcus or Sylvian fissure
Central sulcus or Rolandic fissure

63
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

The frontal lobe: largest of all the lobes
Involved in planning, initiation, and inhibition of movement, as well as many aspects of cognition and executive function
Boundaries: lateral & central sulci, longit. fissure

64
Q

Frontal Lobe Landmarks

A

Anterior lateral aspect has superior, middle and inferior frontal gyri
Inferior frontal gyrus contains
the frontal operculum or Broca’s area (L)

Also, the pre-central gyrus or motor strip anterior to the central sulcus
Premotor area & Supplementary motor cortex/area

65
Q

Homunculus

A

Organized representation of the body

Different degrees of representation

66
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

The parietal lobe is primarily involved in the somatic sense

Boundaries: lateral & central sulci, & the parieto-occipital sulcus

67
Q

Parietal Lobe Landmarks

A

Postcentral gyrus
Postcentral sulcus separates postcentral gyrus from the inferior and superior parietal lobules

Inferior parietal lobule
Supramarginal and angular gyrus

68
Q

Parietal function

A

Sensory Homunculus
Organized representation of the body
Different degrees of representation
E.g., greater representation of face
Inferior parietal lobule is an association area important for integrating visual, auditory and somato-sensory information
Angular gyrus has been implicated in reading comprehension

69
Q

Sensory Homunculus

A

Organized representation of the body
Different degrees of representation
E.g., greater representation of face

70
Q

Inferior parietal lobule is an association

A

Inferior parietal lobule is an association area important for integrating visual, auditory and somato-sensory information

71
Q

Angular gyrus has been implicated

A

Angular gyrus has been implicated in reading comprehension

72
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

The temporal lobe is primarily involved in auditory processing
Also involved in receptive language processing (comprehension)
Boundary: lateral sulcus

73
Q

Temporal Lobe Landmarks

A 
Superior temporal gyrus 
Heschl’s gyrus
Wernicke’s area 
Middle temporal gyrus 
Inferior temporal gyrus
74
Q

Temporal function

A

ALL auditory information is projected to Heschl’s gyrus (41)
Brodmann’s area 42 and middle/inferior temporal gyri are involved in higher order auditory processing
Wernicke’s area (22) is involved in receptive language processing

75
Q

Brodmann’s area 42

A

Brodmann’s area 42 and middle/inferior temporal gyri are involved in higher order auditory processing

76
Q

Wernicke’s area (22)

A

is involved in receptive language processing

77
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

The occipital lobe is primarily involved in visual processing
Boundary: parieto-occipital sulcus, longitudinal fissure
V1 (area 17)

78
Q

Insular Lobe

A

The insula is found deep in the lateral sulcus

The insula may be involved in motor-speech processing

79
Q

Limbic Lobe (“System”)

A

The limbic lobe has various components that are not anatomically adjacent
The limbic lobe is involved in emotion and motivation and memory
Parts of the limbic system include:
The amygdala, the parahippocampal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, the olfactory bulb/tract

A&P For Speech, language And Hearing (15 decks)

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