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A&P For Speech, language And Hearing > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The Goal of Respiration

A

Oxygenation of blood

Elimination of carbon dioxide, waste products

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2
Q

types of inspiration

A

Quiet inspiration

Active (forced) inspiration

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3
Q

Types of expiration

A

Passive expiration

Active/forced expiration

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4
Q

Passive expiration

A

System is restored to a resting position after respiration

Driven by forces of elasticity and gravity

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5
Q

Active/forced expiration

A 
Muscular effort enhances act of expiration
Abdomen is compressed
Muscles reduce size of thorax
Rib cage is pulled down
Air leaves the lungs
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6
Q

How do Lung and abdominal elasticity help with?

A

Lung and abdominal elasticity help to account for the recoil of the lungs upon inspiration (again recall the natural tendency of object’s to re-establish equilibrium

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7
Q

How does gravity help in expiration?

A

Gravity also helps to pull ribs and abdominal viscera down when we are breathing while standing (and in certain other positions

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8
Q

What are the lungs?

A

The lungs are elastic porous tissue (sponge-like) and are naturally stretched out in adults whereby they are larger than their natural resting position

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9
Q

Why are the lungs stretched out in adults?

A

the volume of the ribcage relative to the volume of the lungs
the linking between the visceral and parietal pleurae

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10
Q

pleural linkage

A

The thorax grows more than the lungs. Since the parietal and visceral pleurae are continuous, when the thorax grows the parietal pleurae pulls the visceral thus stretching the lungs

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11
Q

Children Lungs

A

Children’s lungs completely fill the thorax and develop slower than the ribcage
Children typically breathe 2-3x as often as adults
# of alveoli and surface area increase with age

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12
Q

Spirometer

A

used to measure respiration
Rate of air flow in respiration
Volume
Lung capacities

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13
Q

Manometer

A

Force produced when blowing in a tube

Pressure

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14
Q

Spirometers measure

A

lung volume
Lung volume is measured as the amount of water displaced
Lung capacities

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15
Q

U-tube manometers measure

A

pressure
Pressure utilized is measured as the distance that water/liquid has been displaced
Force produced when blowing in a tube

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16
Q

4 stages of gas exchange

A

Ventilation
Distribution
Perfusion
Diffusion

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17
Q

Ventilation:

A

actual movement of air in the respiratory pathways over unit time

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18
Q

Distribution:

A

division of air to all of the alveoli

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19
Q

Perfusion

A

migration of oxygen into blood

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20
Q

Diffusion:

A

exchange of CO2 for O2

21
Q

A respiratory cycle

A

1 inspiration + 1 expiration
~12-18 cycles/minute in adults
Involves ~500 ml of air with each cycle
Also called a quiet tidal respiration

22
Q

Quiet tidal respiration

A

Involves about 500 mL of air

Individuals process around 6,000 to 8,000 mL (6 to 8 liters) of air every minute

23
Q

Respiration requires

A

muscular effort
Efficiency of respiration depends on how
individuals control their muscles of
respiration
Respiration is the force behind speech production
Respiration provides energy for oral communication

24
Q

Typical respiratory development includes

A

↑ in # alveoli from 25 million at birth to more than 300 million by 8 years of age
↑ in thoracic size (the thorax expands to a greater degree than the lungs)
Results in stretching of the lungs larger than their natural volume secondary to the pleural linkage

25
Q

respiratory cycles/minute for newboens?

A

40-70 respiratory cycles/minute at rest for newborns (necessary to meet metabolic needs

26
Q

respiratory cycles/minute in 5 year olds

A

25 respiratory cycles/minute in 5 year olds

27
Q

respiratory cycles/minute in 15 year olds

A

20 respiratory cycles/minute in 15 year olds

28
Q

Reserve lung capacity

A

The stretching of the lungs larger than their natural volume results in a residual volume that explains the reserve lung capacity in adults

Reserve lung capacity results in a reduction in respiratory cycles with development

29
Q

Capacity

A

Capacity = combination of volumes relative to physiological limits
Volumes and capacities vary relative to body size, gender, age and height

30
Q

Tidal volume (TV)

A 
Tidal volume (TV) = volume of 1 respiratory cycle
525 cc
31
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) =

A

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) = volume that can be inhaled after a TV inspiration
2475cc

32
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) = volume that can be exhaled after a TV expiration
1000 cc

33
Q

Residual volume (RV)

A 
Residual volume (RV) = volume that exists bc of stretching of the lungs larger than their natural volume
1100 cc
34
Q

Dead air

A

Dead air = air that is not involved in gas exchange (air that is in lungs but not at alveoli
100 cc

35
Q

Vital capacity (VC

A

= capacity available for speech; total inspirable volume after maximal expiration (IRV+ERV+TV; ~4000mL or cc)

36
Q

Total lung capacity (TLC

A

vital capacity along with residual volume (TV+IRV+ERV+RV; ~5100cc)

37
Q

When does vital capacity decrease ?

A

Vital capacity:
Decreases with age (starting at about 20 years)
Lower for females than males (OH

38
Q

How are the pressures when the vocal folds are open?

A

with open vocal folds subglottal = intraoral = alveolar pressure

39
Q

Pressure measurements

A

Pressure measurements are relative to atmospheric pressure

Alveolar pressure often measured via esophageal balloon

40
Q

pressure During inspiration

A

Thorax expands, and decreases the already negative intrapleural pressure
Increased lung volume results in a negative alveolar pressure

Pressure differential is reversed
Air escaping the lungs to equalize the positive alveolar pressure with the relatively negative atmospheric pressure

41
Q

Intrapleural pressure is always

A

Intrapleural pressure is always negative as the lungs are in an expanded state relative to their normal size
This also explains the fact that in normal conditions, the lungs are never entirely deflated

42
Q

As inspiratory mm begin to work

A

As inspiratory mm begin to work, the volume between the 2 pleural linings increases and intrapleural pressure becomes even more negative

43
Q

Surfactant acts

A

Surfactant acts to reduce surface tension in alveoli resulting in
Reduced alveolar pressure
Maintaining minimal alveolar size
Avoiding passage of capillary fluids into alveoli

44
Q

what does Lung expansion do to alveolar pressure?

A

Lung expansion (upon thoracic expansion) results in alveolar expansion and sets up the conditions for ↓ alveolar pressure

45
Q

Pressure, Flow, Volume Relationships in Inspiration

A 
As diaphragm contracts 
lung volume ↑
Intrapleural pressure ↓ (Boyle’s Law)
Alveolar pressure ↓ (Boyle’s Law)
And, finally air flows into the lungs

This process reverses upon expiration

46
Q

Open vocal folds

A

provide the conditions for intraoral = subglottic = alveolar pressure

47
Q

producing voice sounds

A

To produce voice our vocal folds close
Therefore subglottic pressure ↑, and
Intraoral (supraglottic) pressure approaches atmospheric pressure

48
Q

Pressure in cm H2O for produce voicing?

A

When subglottic pressure reaches ~3-5 cm H20 the vocal folds come apart and voicing begins

49
Q

Pressure in cm H2O for conversation?

A

Conversational speech requires ~7-10 cm H20

A&P For Speech, language And Hearing (15 decks)

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