Chapter 39 - Alterations of digestive function Flashcards
During vomiting there is:
a. forceful diaphragm and abdominal muscle contractions, airway closure, esophageal sphincter relaxation, and deep inspiration.
b. deep inspirations, airway closure, forceful diaphragm, and abdominal muscle contractions, and esophageal sphincter relaxation.
c. airway closure, forceful diaphragm and abdominal muscle contractions, deep inspiration, and esophageal sphincter relaxation.
d. esophageal sphincter relaxation, forceful diaphragm and abdominal muscles contraction, deep inspiration, and airway closure.
b. deep inspirations, airway closure, forceful diaphragm, and abdominal muscle contractions, and esophageal sphincter relaxation
Achalasia:
a. manifests as regurgitation of chyme
b. has denervation of smooth muscle in the esophagus
c. occurs in response to sedentary lifestyle
d. results in esophageal sphincter relaxation
b. has denervation of smooth muscle in the esophagus
Osmotic diarrhea is caused by:
a. nonabsorbable intestinal contents
b. bacterial enterotoxins
c. ulcerative colitis
d. Crohn disease
a. nonabsorbable intestinal contents
Melena is:
a. bloody vomitus
b. gaseous bowel distention
c. blood in stool
d. loss of appetite
e. black tarry stools
e. black tarry stools
A common manifestation of a hiatal hernia is:
a. gastroesophageal reflux
b. diarrhea
c. belching
d. vomitus without bile
a. gastroesophageal reflux
Gastroesophageal reflux is:
a. caused by rapid gastric emptying
b. excessive lower esophageal sphincter functioning
c. associated with abdominal surgery
d. caused by lower esophageal sphincter incompetence
d. caused by lower esophageal sphincter incompetence
Intestinal obstruction causes:
a. decrease intraluminal tension
b. hyperkalemia
c. decreased nutrition absorption
d. epigastric fullness
c. decreased nutrition absorption
Peptic ulcers may be caused by:
a. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
b. H. pylori
c. habitual alcohols consumption
d. mucus secretion
e. a, b, and c are correct
e. a, b, and c are correct
Gastric ulcers:
a. may lead to malignancy
b. occur at a younger age than duodenal ulcers
c. always have increased acid production
d. exhibit nocturnal pain
e. both a and c are correct
a. may lead to malignancy
Duodenal ulcers:
a. occur four times more frequently in females than in males
b. may be complicated by hemorrhage
c. are associated with sepsis
d. may cause inflammation and scar tissue formation around the sphincter of Oddi
b. may be complicated by hemorrhage
In malabsorption syndrome, flatulence and abdominal distention are likely caused by:
a. protein deficiency and electrolyte deficiency imbalance
b. undigested lactose fermentation by bacteria
c. fat irrigating the bowel
d. impaired absorption of amino acids and accompanying edema
b. undigested lactose fermentation by bacteria
The characteristics lesion of Crohn disease is :
a. found in the colon
b. precancerous
c. granulomatous
d. malignant
c. granulomatous
Which gene is often associated with digestive system caners?
a. K-ras
b. p53
c. p16
d. APC
b. p53
A 14 year old boy has been admitted to the emergency department with acute-onset abdominal pain in the lower right quadrant. Abdominal rebound tenderness is intense, and he has a fever and leukocytosis. This individual most likely has:
a. acute appendicitis
b. diverticulitis
c. ulcerative colitis
d. cholelithiasis
e. cholecystitis
a. acute appendicitis
The control of appetite and body is influenced by many different hormones, Leptin:
a. decreases the appetite
b. stimulated NPY/AGRP neurons
c. stimulates appetite
d. sets the hypothalamus thermostat
a. decrease the appetite
Short-term starvation involves:
a. glycogenolysis
b. gluconeogenesis
c. proteolysis
d. both a and b are correct
e. a, b, and c are correct
d. both a and b are correct
The most common manifestation of portal hypertension is :
a. rectal bleeding
b. cirrhosis
c. intestinal bleeding
d. duodenal bleeding
e. vomiting of blood from esophageal bleeding
e. vomiting of blood from esophageal bleeding
Hepatic encephalopathy is manifested by
a. ascites
b. splenomegaly
c. dark urine
d. oliguria
e. cerebral dysfunction
e. cerebral dysfunction
Acute occlusion of mesenteric artery blood results from:
a. dissecting aortic aneurysms
b. chronic segmental ischemia
c. arteriosclerosis
d. necrosis and intestinal tissue
a. dissecting aortic aneurysms
Which type of jaundice is due to genetic enzyme defects?
a. obstructive
b. hemolytic
c. hepatocellular
d. both a and c are correct
c. hepatocellular
Which most often causes postnecrotic cirrhosis?
a. malnutrition
b. alcoholism
c. hepatitis c
d. autoimmunity
e. biliary obstruction
c. hepatitis c
Diverticulitis:
a. manifest as pain in the right lower quadrant
b. is asymptomatic
c. commonly involves the transverse colon
d. is inflammation of diverticular outpouchings of mucosa through muscle layers of the colon
d. is inflammation of diverticular outpouchings of mucosa through muscle layers of the colon
In pancreatitis:
a. tissue damage likely results from release of pancreatic enzymes
b. cholesterol intake is causative
c. diabetes is uncommon in chronic pancreatitis
d. the cause is bacterial infection
a. tissue damage likely results from release of pancreatic enzymes
A complication of ulcerative colitis not seen with Crohn disease is :
a. gangrene and rupture
b. obstruction
c. intestinal malabsorption
d. increased risk for adenocarcinoma of the colon
d. increased risk for adenocarcinoma of the colon
Excessive digestion of NSAIDs and aspirin can cause:
a. acute gastritis
b. esophagitis
c. stress ulcers
d. gastric atrophy
a. acute gastritis
- Which of the following is NOT one of the Rome 2 criteria for constipation?
a. Straining
b. Hard stool
c. Less than one bowel movement per week
d. Sensation of incomplete evacuation
c. Less than one bowel movement per week
- A woman experiences diarrhea, and her physician believes this is due to increased mucosal secretion of chloride- or bicarbonate-rich fluid. Which of the following types of diarrhea is this?
a. Osmotic
b. Secretory
c. Motility
d. Small-volume
b. Secretory
- A person experiences abdominal pain that is very localized and intense. Which type of pain does this describe?
a. Parietal
b. Visceral
c. Referred
d. Phantom
a. Parietal
- A person experiences bright red blood from the rectum. Which of the following is the BEST term to describe this finding?
a. Hematemesis
b. Hematochezia
c. Melena
d. Occult bleeding
b. Hematochezia
- Which of the following is a cause of functional dysphagia?
a. Tumor
b. Stricture
c. Herniations
d. Achalasia
d. Achalasia
- Which of the following is TRUE regarding hiatal hernia?
a. There are three types.
b. The most common type is paraesophageal.
c. Paraesophageal is herniation of the greater curvature of the stomach.
d. Sliding hernia is caused by standing.
c. Paraesophageal is herniation of the greater curvature of the stomach.
- A person experiences an inflammation of the gastric mucosa. Which of the following bacteria is associated with gastritis?
a. Escherichia coli
b. Haemophilus influenzae
c. Helicobacter pylori
d. Streptococcus pneumoniae
c. Helicobacter pylori
- Which of the following regarding chronic gastritis is TRUE?
a. There are four types.
b. Type A, or fundal gastritis, is the most severe.
c. Type B, or antral gastritis, is the most rare.
d. It tends to occur in young individuals.
b. Type A, or fundal gastritis, is the most severe.
- An individual develops a peptic ulcer. Which of the following diseases has been linked to the development of a peptic ulcer?
a. Rheumatoid arthritis
b. Osteoarthritis
c. Influenza
d. Anemia
a. Rheumatoid arthritis
- A man experiences chronic intermittent pain in the epigastric area. It begins 30 minutes to 2 hours after eating when the stomach is empty. The pain also occurs in the middle of the night. Based on this history, which of the following is the most likely cause?
a. Acute gastritis
b. Chronic gastritis
c. Gastric ulcer
d. Duodenal ulcer
d. Duodenal ulcer
- A person experiences severe head trauma in an accident. There is decreased mucosal blood flow and overstimulation of the vagal nuclei causing hypersecretion of acid. Which of the following stress-related mucosal diseases does this person have?
a. Stress ulcer
b. Ischemic ulcer
c. Cushing ulcer
d. Peptic ulcer
c. Cushing ulcer
- Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin?
a. Vitamin C
b. Vitamin B12
c. Vitamin K
d. Vitamin B6
c. Vitamin K
- Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding ulcerative colitis?
a. It extends throughout the entire GI tract.
b. It generally appears in childhood.
c. Blacks are more commonly affected.
d. Lesions are limited to the mucosa.
d. Lesions are limited to the mucosa.
- Which of the following extraintestinal manifestations is NOT found in ulcerative colitis?
a. Gallstones
b. Uveitis
c. Polyarthritis
d. Urinary tract infections
d. Urinary tract infections
- Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding Crohn disease?
a. It involves the mucosa only.
b. Skip lesions are common.
c. It affects only the rectum.
d. The most common site is the rectum.
b. Skip lesions are common.
- A 20-year-old man presents with periumbilical pain, fever, and loss of appetite. Which of the following is the most likely cause of his abdominal discomfort?
a. Diverticulosis
b. Diverticulitis
c. Appendicitis
d. Mesenteric venous thrombosis
c. Appendicitis
- Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of anorexia nervosa?
a. Fear of becoming obese
b. Distorted body image
c. Body weight 25% less than normal
d. Absence of three consecutive menstrual periods
c. Body weight 25% less than normal
- A person is diagnosed with portal hypertension due to liver disease. Which of the following is the most common clinical manifestation of portal hypertension?
a. Bleeding from esophageal varices
b. Abdominal pain from splenomegaly
c. Ascites
d. Altered mental status
a. Bleeding from esophageal varices
- A woman is told that she has hepatitis. She is in a foreign country and was told that the form that she has is self-limiting and is transferred via the fecal-oral route. Which of the following types of hepatitis is most likely?
a. Hepatitis A
b. Hepatitis B
c. Hepatitis C
d. Hepatitis D
a. Hepatitis A
- Which of the following is NOT true regarding cirrhosis?
a. Cirrhosis develops rapidly.
b. The causes are not clearly understood.
c. Portal hypertension is a complication.
d. If caused by a toxin, severity is determined by amount of the toxin.
a. Cirrhosis develops rapidly.
- Which of the following is TRUE regarding cholelithiasis?
a. It is prevalent in underdeveloped countries.
b. Incidence is well known and documented.
c. Cholesterol stones are the most common.
d. Risk factors include male gender.
c. Cholesterol stones are the most common.
- Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for esophageal carcinoma?
a. Alcohol use
b. Tobacco use
c. Thin body habitus
d. Zinc deficiency
c. Thin body habitus
- Which of the following is TRUE regarding cancer of the colon?
a. Colorectal cancer is the most frequent cause of cancer death.
b. It accounts for 25% of all cancer deaths.
c. It tends to occur in young individuals less than 40 years of age.
d. Cancer of the small intestine is rare.
d. Cancer of the small intestine is rare.
- A person is diagnosed with colorectal cancer and was told that it is limited to the mucosal lining. Which stage is this person’s cancer?
a. Stage 0
b. Stage I
c. Stage II
d. Stage III
a. Stage 0
