Chapter 36- Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function Flashcards
Renal function tests include:
a. urinalysis
b. BUN and serum creatnine
c. SGOT/SGPT
d. Both a and b are correct
d. Both a and b are correct
Which substrate is an abnormal constituent of urine?
a. Urea
b. Glucose
c. Sodium chloride
d. Creatnine
b. Glucose
The presence of albumin in the urine would indicate probable damage to:
a. glomeruli
b. renal colomns
c. collecting tubules
d. pyramids
a. glomeruli
Upper urinary tract obstruction:
a. can cause hydroureter
b. increases the force of detrusor contraction
c. predisposes an individual to hypotension
d. increases postvoid residual volume
a. can cause hydroureter
Renal calculi may be composed of:
a. calcium
b. uric acid
c. cholesterol
d. All of the above are correct
e. Both a and b are correct
e. Both a and b are correct
Which is a characteristic of ureteral stones located in the renal pelvis?
a. pain radiating to the lower abdomen
b. urgency
c. incontinence
d. pain radiating to the groin
d. pain radiating to the groin
A common cause of bot pylonephritis and cystitis is:
a. urinary calculi
b. invading microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli
c. allergy reactions
d. heavy metals
b. invading microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli
Uremia exhibits:
a. polycythemia
b. electrolyte disorders
c. low plasma calcium levels
d. increased erythropoiesis
b. electrolyte disorders
Which renal condition usually involves a history of recent infection with group A beta-hemolytic streptococci?
a. pyelonephritis
b. chronic renal failure
c. nephrosis
d. glomerulonephritis
e. calculi
d. glomerulonephritis
The most common pathogenesis of cystitis, an infection, is acquired through/from:
a. an ascending or exogenous route
b. a hematogenous route
c. a bladder stone obstruction
d. pyelitis
a. an ascending or exogenous route
Nephrotic syndrome is associated with _________ to plasma ___________.
a. increased glomerular permitability, urea
b. decreased glomerular permitability, proteins
c. decreased glomerular permitability, tubular filtrate
d. increased glomerular permitability, proteins
d. increased glomerular permitability, proteins
Causes of acute renal failure include:
a. cholecystitis
b. stones and strictures in kidneys and ureters
c. heart failure leading to poor renal perfusion
d. Both b and c are correct
e. a, b, and c are correct
d. Both b and c are correct
Hypertension of nephrotic syndrome occurs because:
a. inflammation of glomeruli stimulates the secretion of renin, which elevates blood pressure
b. systemic hypoperfusion stimulates the secretion of renin, which elevates blood pressure
c. excessive angiotensin is secreted from the adrenal cortex during kidney disease
d. localized hypoperfusion of glomeruli stimulates renin secretion, which elevates blood pressure
d. localized hypoperfusion of glomeruli stimulates renin secretion, which elevates blood pressure
Chronic kidney disease:
a. may result from hypertension
b. is usually the result of chronic inflammation of the kidney
c. may be treated with dialysis or transplants
d. all of the above are correct
e. both a and b are correct
d. all of the above are correct
Nephrotoxins such as the antibiotic may be responsible for:
a. acute tubular necrosis
b. acute glomerulonephritis
c. pyelonephritis
d. cystitis
a. acute tubular necrosis
Uremia, as seen in chronic renal failure, would manifest:
a. metabolic acidosis
b. elevated BUN and creatinine
c. cardiovascular disturbances
d. All of the above are correct
d. All of the above are correct
Hematuria in the absence of proteinuria indicates injury to the:
a. glomerulus
b. renal tubule
c. ureter
d. renal medulla
c. ureter
In chronic renal failure, tubulointerstitial disease leads to:
a. sodium retention
b. sodium wasting
c. no significant changes in sodium levels
d. increased phosphate excretion
b. sodium wasting
Frequent small voidings suggest:
a. CHF
b. prostatic hyperplasia
c. nephrotic syndrome
d. hepatic cirrhosis
b. prostatic hyperplasia
Bacterial infection of kidney parenchyma is:
a. pyelitis
b. cystitis
c. pyelonephritis
d. pyuria
e. pyelonephrosis
c. pyelonephritis
Which sign describes a patient in acute renal failure?
a. elevated serum creatinine
b. leukocytosis
c. low BUN
d. fever
a. elevated serum creatinine
Lesions affecting spinal cord segments C2-S1 cause:
a. loss of detrusor contraction reflex
b. denervation of sphincter mechanisms
c. inharmonious coordination between detrusor and urethral muscles
d. detrusor overactivity and urinary incompetence
c. inharmonious coordination between detrusor and urethral muscles
Match the etiology with the condition
Epithelial proliferation in capsular space
a. prerenal failure
b. postrenal failure
c. chronic glomerulonephritis
d. rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
e. pruritus
d. rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
Match the etiology with the condition Hypovolemia a. prerenal failure b. postrenal failure c. chronic glomerulonephritis d. rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis e. pruritus
a. prerenal failure
Match the etiology with the condition Hypovolemia a. prerenal failure b. postrenal failure c. chronic glomerulonephritis d. rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis e. pruritus
e. pruritus
- Which of the following is NOT a determinant of severity for obstructive uropathy?
a. Location of the blockage
b. Degree of completeness of the blockage
c. Type of blockage
d. Duration of the blockage
c. Type of blockage
- When deposition of excessive amounts of extracellular matrix occurs, what is this process called?
a. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis
b. Compensatory hypertrophy
c. Obligatory growth
d. Compensatory growth
a. Tubulointerstitial fibrosis
- Which of the following is a risk factor for postobstructive diuresis?
a. Unilateral obstruction
b. Hypertension
c. Dehydration
d. Neurogenic diabetes insipidus
b. Hypertension
- A stone is composed of magnesium, ammonium, and phosphate. What type of urinary calculus is this?
a. Calcium
b. Struvite
c. Uric acid
d. Indinavir
b. Struvite
- Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that are required before a stone is formed?
a. Supersaturation of one of the salts
b. Precipitation from a liquid to a solid
c. Aggregation
d. Low concentration of salt
d. Low concentration of salt
- Which of the following is NOT a cause of lower urinary tract obstruction?
a. Kidney stone
b. Bladder neck dyssynergia
c. Prostate enlargement
d. Urethral stricture
a. Kidney stone
- A person has uncontrolled or premature contractions of the detrusor muscle. Which of the following conditions is associated with this medical problem?
a. Spinal cord injury
b. Immune system dysfunction
c. Congestive heart failure
d. Renal carcinoma
a. Spinal cord injury
- Which of the following is NOT a result of urodynamic testing?
a. Quantifies severity of obstruction
b. Determines bacterial cause of urinary tract infection
c. Measures detrusor contraction strength
d. Identifies the cause of urinary retention
b. Determines bacterial cause of urinary tract infection
- Which of the following is TRUE regarding renal cell carcinoma?
a. It is associated with TP53.
b. Symptoms include hematuria.
c. Early stages produce a large abdominal mass.
d. Granular cell tumors have better prognosis.
b. Symptoms include hematuria.
- A person is complaining of abdominal and back pain. You have diagnosed bacteria in the urine. What is the appropriate term for involvement of the upper urinary tract?
a. Cystitis
b. Pyelonephritis
c. Urinary tract infection
d. Asymptomatic bacteriuria
b. Pyelonephritis
- Which bacteria are the most common cause of urinary tract infections?
a. Klebsiella
b. Proteus
c. Escherichia coli
d. Staphylococcus
c. Escherichia coli
- Several factors contribute to bacterial virulence within the urinary tract. Which of the following is NOT one of the factors?
a. Fimbriae expression
b. Sidophore production
c. Mucous production
d. Biofilm formation
c. Mucous production
- With which bacteria is acute glomerulonephritis associated?
a. E. coli
b. Staphylococcus
c. Group A Streptococcus
d. Klebsiella
c. Group A Streptococcus
