chapter 35

Question 1

pathogens

Answer 1

agents that cause diseases

Question 2

immune system

Answer 2

limits many infections

Question 3

innate immunity

Answer 3

animals immunity that is present before any exposure to pathogens and it is effective from the time of birth

Question 4

adaptive immunity

Answer 4

vertebrates immunity that is developed after exposure to certain pathogens

Question 5

phagocytosis

Answer 5

is the ingestion and breakdown of foreign substances including bacteria

Question 6

neutrophils

Answer 6

circulate in the blood and are attracted by signals from infected tissues

Question 7

macrophages

Answer 7

are found throughout the body

Question 8

interferons

Answer 8

interfere with viral reproduction

Question 9

complement system

Answer 9

consists of proteins that are activated by substances on microbe surfaces

Question 10

natural killer cells (WBC)

Answer 10

cellular innate defenses in vertebrates

Question 11

inflammatory response

Answer 11

pain and swelling is brought about by molecules released upon injury or infection

Question 12

mast cells

Answer 12

release histamine which triggers blood sessile to dilate and become more permeable

Question 13

lymphocytes

Answer 13

adaptive response relies on two types of these

Question 14

T cells

Answer 14

lymphocytes that mature in the thymus

Question 15

B cells

Answer 15

lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow

Question 16

antigens

Answer 16

are substances that can elicit a response form a B or T cell

Question 17

antigen receptor

Answer 17

recognition occurs when a B or T cell inks to an antigen. happens by these receptors

Question 18

epitope

Answer 18

small accessible part of an indigenous that binds to an antigen receptor

Question 19

humoral immune response

Answer 19

B cells and their antibodies help neutralize pathogens in the blood and lymph

Question 20

antibody or immunoglobulin

Answer 20

protein that is released in solid form from B cell activation

Question 21

cell-mediated immune response

Answer 21

T cells bind only to antigen fragments displayed or presented on a host cell

Question 22

MHC (major histocompatibility complex)

Answer 22

molecules are host proteins that display the antigen fragments on the cell surface

Question 23

antigen presentation

Answer 23

MHC transport the antigen fragments to the cell surface

Question 24

clonal selection

Answer 24

once activated B or T cell undergoes multiple cell divisions to price a clone of identical cells

Question 25

effector cells

Answer 25

short-lived activated clones that act immediately against the antigen

Question 26

memory cells

Answer 26

long lived clones that can give rise to effector cells if the same antigen is encountered again

Question 27

primary immune response

Answer 27

first exposure to a specific antigen

Question 28

secondary immune response

Answer 28

memory cells facilitate a fester stronger and longer response