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bio 191 > chapter 28 > Flashcards

chapter 28 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

organ

A

several types of tissue that together carry out particular functions

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2
Q

vascular plants get what from below ground

A

water/minerals

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3
Q

vascular plants get what from above ground

A

co2/light

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4
Q

what three organs do all plants need

A

roots/stem/leaves

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5
Q

root system

A

all plants roots. rely on sugar

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6
Q

shoot system

A

stems leaves and flowers if they have them. relays on water/minerals.

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7
Q

root

A

anchors plant. absorbs minerals/water. stores carbs.

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8
Q

taproot

A

main verticals root with branching lateral roots

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9
Q

fibrous root system

A

doesn’t have main vertical root

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10
Q

root hairs

A

absorb minerals. thin extensions of epidermal cells that increase surface area. (increase mineral absorption)

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11
Q

stems

A

consist of an alternating system of nodes.

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12
Q

nodes

A

points at which leaves are attached

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13
Q

internodes

A

stem segments between nodes

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14
Q

apical bud (terminal bud)

A

in stem system. located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot.

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15
Q

axillary bud

A

in stem system. located in the upper angle formed by the leaf and the stem and has the potential to form a lateral branch, thorn, or flower. generally dormant

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16
Q

leaf

A

main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants. also does gas exchange, dissipation of heat, and defense.

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17
Q

each plant organ has…

A

dermal, vascular, and ground tissue

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18
Q

dermal tissue

A

outer protective covering.

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19
Q

epidermis

A

dermal tissue in nonwoody plants

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20
Q

cuticle

A

dermal layer in leaves and most stems. waxy coating that helps prevent water loss from the epidermis.

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21
Q

periderm

A

dermal layer in woody plants

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22
Q

vascular tissue

A

facilitates transport of materials through the plant and provides support

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23
Q

xylem

A

type of vascular tissue that conducts water/dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots.

24
Q

phloem

A

type of vascular tissue that transports organic nutrients from where they are made to where they need to go

25
Q

stele

A

vascular tissue of a root or stem is collectively call this

26
Q

ground tissue system

A

tissues that are neither dermal or vascular. has cells for photosynthesis, short term transportation, and storage or support.

27
Q

pith

A

ground tissue internal to vascular tissue

28
Q

cortex

A

ground tissue external to the vascular tissue

29
Q

parenchyma cells

A

thin flexible primary wall. no secondary walls. large central vacuole. preform most metabolic functions. ration abilities to divide or differentiate.

30
Q

collenchyma cells

A

grouped in strands. help support young part of the plant shoot. have thicker or uneven primary cell walls. no secondary walls. provide flexible support without restraining growth.

31
Q

sclerenchyma cells

A

rigid due to thick secondary walls containing lignin. dead at functional maturity.

32
Q

lignin

A

strengthening polymer

33
Q

trancheids

A

form of xylem cells. thin cells with tapered ends that move water through pits.

34
Q

vessel elements

A

type of xylem cells. align end to end to form miscopipes call vessels.

35
Q

sieve tubes

A

type of phloem cell. created by chains of cells. lack organelles but each have a companion cell whose nucleous/ribozomes serve both cells

36
Q

intermediate growth

A

growth at any point in life. enabled by meristems.

37
Q

meristems

A

perpetually undifferentiated tissues

38
Q

apical meristems

A

located at tips of roots/shoots and are axillary buds of shoots. cause primary growth.

39
Q

primary growth

A

elongated roots/shoots

40
Q

lateral meristems

A

add thickness to woody plants (secondary growth)

41
Q

vascular cambium

A

adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem

42
Q

cork cambium

A

replaces the epidermis with periderm which is thicker and tougher

43
Q

primary root growth

A

occurs just behind root tip. produces epidermis, ground tissue, vascular tissue.

44
Q

what three zones do primary root growth occur in

A

zone of cell division
zone of elongation
zone of differential/maturation

45
Q

root cap

A

protects apical meristem as root pushes through soil

46
Q

cortex

A

filled with ground tissue. region between vascular tissue and epidermis

47
Q

endodermis

A

innermost layer of the cortex. regulates passage of substances from the soil into vascular cylinder (xylem/phloem)

48
Q

pericycle

A

lateral roots came out of this. outermost cell layer in vascular cylinder

49
Q

lead primordia

A

projects along the sides of the apical meristem

50
Q

apical dominance

A

inhibition from an active apical bud

51
Q

stomata

A

cuts off epidermis leaves. allows CO2/O2 exchange

52
Q

guard cells

A

regulates stomata pore (has two)

53
Q

mesophyll

A

ground tissue in leaf

54
Q

palisade mesophyll

A

upper part of leaf

55
Q

spongy mesophyll

A

lower part of leaf

56
Q

identifying features of angiosperms into monocots and endicot clades

A

-number of cotylendons (1 vs 2)
-leaf venation (parallel vs net)
-stem anatomy (bundles scattered or in ring)
-root system (fibrous vs taproot)
-pollen pores (1 vs 3)
-flower parts (multiples of 3 vs 4-5)

bio 191 (12 decks)

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