chapter 26

Question 1

key derived traits of land life

Answer 1

-alternation of generations life cycle
-multicellular depend embryos
-walled spores produced in sporangia
-apical meristems

Question 2

two multicellular bodies

Answer 2

diploid sporophyte/haploid game tophyte

Question 3

spores

Answer 3

produce sporophyte. by mitosis in gametangia. fertilization occurs to produce sporophyte

Question 4

gametes

Answer 4

produce by gametophyte. by mitosis in gametangia. fertilization occurs to produce sporophyte.

Question 5

sporangia

Answer 5

multicellular organs that produce spores

Question 6

apical meristems

Answer 6

localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots. can divide throughout plant life.

Question 7

cuticle

Answer 7

waxy covering of the epidermis that functions in preventing water loss and mircobacterial attack

Question 8

stomata

Answer 8

specialized pores that allow the exchange of CO2 and O2 between th outside air and the plant

Question 9

mycorrhizae

Answer 9

fungi root

Question 10

chitin

Answer 10

strong but flexible polysaccharide

Question 11

yeasts

Answer 11

single cells/ most common body structure

Question 12

mycelia

Answer 12

networks of branched hyphae

Question 13

hyphae

Answer 13

filaments adopted for absorption

Question 14

haustoria

Answer 14

specialized hyphae that allow them to extract or exchange nutrients with plant hosts

Question 15

mycorrhizae

Answer 15

are mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots.

Question 16

ectomycorrhizal fungi

Answer 16

form sheaths of hyphae over a root and also grow into the extracellular spores of the root cortex

Question 17

abuscular mycorrhizae fungi

Answer 17

extend hyphae through the cell walls of root cells and tubes formed by invagination of the root cell membrane

Question 18

mycetes/myota ending

Answer 18

fungi

Question 19

fungal reproduction

Answer 19

many spores. sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction.

Question 20

chytrids

Answer 20

found in freshwater and terrestrial habits. diverged early in fungal evolution from flagellated spores

Question 21

zygomycetes

Answer 21

fast-growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts. produce resistant zygosperangium

Question 22

glomeromycetes

Answer 22

form arbscular mycorrhizae with plant roots. about 80% have mutualistic relationship with them.

Question 23

ascomycetes

Answer 23

marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. called the sac fungi. produce spores in sacs called asci

Question 24

basidiomycetes

Answer 24

important decomposers and ectmycorrhizal fungi (like mushrooms). produce spores on basidia.

Question 25

lichen

Answer 25

symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus. important to starting life on now rock/soil surfaces. break down surface, affecting the formation of soil making it possible for plants to grow

Question 26

vascular tissue

Answer 26

land plants can be grouped based on the presence or absence of this. most plants have this for the transport of water/nutrients. nonvascular plants don’t have this.

Question 27

bryophytes

Answer 27

nonvascular plants that are attached to the substrate by rhizoids. have three clades: liverworts, mosses, hornworts.

Question 28

lycophytes

Answer 28

mosses/relatives. seedless vascular plants

Question 29

pteriodophytes

Answer 29

ferns/their relatives. seedless vascular plants

Question 30

seed

Answer 30

consists of an embryo and food supply surrounded by a protective coat

Question 31

gymnosperms

Answer 31

naked seeded that are not enclosed in chambers

Question 32

angiosperms

Answer 32

have seeds that develop inside chambers called ovaries (become fruit)

Question 33

ovule

Answer 33

consists of an egg-producing female gametophyte surrounded by a protective layer of sporophyte issue called the integument.

Question 34

female gametophytes…

Answer 34

develop from megaspores

Question 35

male gametophytes…

Answer 35

develop from microspores. develop into pollen grains.

Question 36

pollination

Answer 36

transfer of pollen to the part of a seed containing the ovules. pollen can be transferred by air or animals

Question 37

seed is good bc…

Answer 37

embryo could be dormant from days to years until the conditions are favorable. also have stored food.

Question 38

conifers

Answer 38

cone-baring gymnosperms

Question 39

flower

Answer 39

an angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction

Question 40

sepal

Answer 40

part of flower that enclose flower.

Question 41

petals

Answer 41

brightly colored and attract pollonators

Question 42

stamens

Answer 42

part of flower that produced pollen. sac that consists of stalk filament

Question 43

carpels

Answer 43

produce ovules in an ovary. have ovary at base leading up to a stigma where pollen is received.