chapter 29

Question 1

xylem transports…

Answer 1

water/minerals from roots to shoots

Question 2

phloem transports…

Answer 2

photosynthetic products from sources to sinks

Question 3

water makes up what percent of plants fresh mass

Answer 3

80-90

Question 4

carbohydrates make up what percent of plants dry mass

Answer 4

96

Question 5

inorganic substances make up what percent of plants dry mass

Answer 5

4

Question 6

how many macronutrients do plants need

Answer 6

9

Question 7

how many micronutrients do plants need

Answer 7

8

Question 8

hydroponic culture

Answer 8

decides which chemical elements are essential. growth of plants in mineral solutions

Question 9

if a plant is deficient in mobile nutrients…

Answer 9

more effect on older organs

Question 10

if plant is more deficient in less mobile nutrients…

Answer 10

affects younger organs

Question 11

three most common deficiencies

Answer 11

nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus

Question 12

soil bacteria

Answer 12

exchange chemicals within plant roots, enhance decomposition and increase nutrient availability

Question 13

rhizobacteria

Answer 13

example of soil bacteria. thrive in rhizosphere and some can enter roots.

Question 14

nodules

Answer 14

plant cells infected by nitrogen foxing rhizobium bacteria

Question 15

nitrogen cycle

Answer 15

transforms atmospheric nitrogen and nitrogen-containing compounds.

Question 16

plants can only absorb nitrogen as..

Answer 16

NO3 or NH4

Question 17

mycorrhizae

Answer 17

mutualistic associates of fungi/roots

Question 18

ecotomycorrhizae

Answer 18

hyphae don’t penetrate cells

Question 19

arbuscular mycorrhizae

Answer 19

hyphae penetrate cells

Question 20

epiphytes

Answer 20

grow on other plants and obtain water and minerals from rain, rather than tapping their hosts for substance.

Question 21

parasitic plants

Answer 21

absorb water sugars and minerals from their living host plants

Question 22

conrnivorous plants

Answer 22

photosynthetic but obtain nitrogen by killing/digesting mostly insects

Question 23

apoplectic route of absorption

Answer 23

water or minerals travel from vascular cylinder to cortex along cell walls or extracellular spaces

Question 24

symplastic route of absorption

Answer 24

water or minerals travel from vascular cylinder to cortex in cytoplasm moving between cells through plasmodesmata

Question 25

transmembrane route of absorption

Answer 25

water or minerals travel from vascular cylinder to cortex moving from cell to cell by crossing cell membranes and cell walls

Question 26

endodermis

Answer 26

innermost layer of cells in the root cortex. surrounds vascular cylinder and is the last checkpoint fro selective passage of minerals from the cortex into vascular tissue

Question 27

casparian strip

Answer 27

waxy part of endodermal wall that block apoplastic transfer. water/mineral in apoplast must cross the plasma membrane of an endodermal cell to enter the vascular cylinder.

Question 28

transpiration

Answer 28

loss of water vapor from a plants surface. involved in transportation of xylem sap

Question 29

cohesion-tension hypothesis

Answer 29

transpiration and water cohesion pull water from shoots to roots. xylem sal is normally under negative pressure or tension.

Question 30

transpirational pull

Answer 30

generated when water vapor in the air spaces of a leaf evaporates and exits the leaf via stoma

Question 31

guard cells help….

Answer 31

balance water conservation with gas exchange for photosynthesis.

Question 32

stoma is usually open during…

Answer 32

the day and closed at night

Question 33

what triggers stoma to open

Answer 33

light, CO2 depletion, internal clock in guard cells

Question 34

translocation

Answer 34

products of photosynthesis are transported through phloem

Question 35

phoem sap

Answer 35

aqueous solution high in sucrose. travels from sugar sources to sink

Question 36

sugar source

Answer 36

an organ that is a net producer of sugar (mature leaves)

Question 37

sugar sink

Answer 37

an organ that is a net consumer or storer of sugar (growing structure)