chapter 35 Flashcards
nationalism and political identities in asia, africa, and latin america
The rise of nationalism and communism in China after the revolution of 1911 and the Russian revolution in 1917 guided Shanfei’s transformation from a girl ruled by ________ and privilege to an active __________ dedicated to the causes of women and communism.
tradition; revolutionary
What did Shanfei’s father’s death mean for Shanfei and her future? Now that he wasn’t pressing for traditional notions of women, what did Shanfei pursue?
ripped bandages off of her feet and sent to a modern school
- incited a student strike against the administration of her school, became famous as a leader in student movement
- broke tradition also by giving up her fiance for free marriage to the man she loved (peasant leader in communist movement)
Beneath colonial surfaces, nationalist and anti-imperial movements gathered strength, and in the postwar years resistance against and desire for what two main things were stronger than ever?
- resistance to foreign rule
- desire for national unity
In the decades following the Great War, nationalism developed as a powerful political force especially in what two Asian countries because growing numbers of people were influenced by the self-determination concept?
India and China
What were the twin ideals of Asian nations?
- independence from foreign powers
- national unity
The quest for national identity in India focused on doing what/what was their main concern at the time?
gaining independence from British rule
- pursuit was complicated by sectarian differences between Hindus and Muslims
The Chinese path to national identity was fraught with foreign and civil war as what two principal groups contended for power?
- the Nationalist Party
- the Communist Party
The construction of what across India facilitated the export of raw materials, but also contributed to the idea of national unity by bringing the people of the subcontinent within easy reach of one another?
the construction of a vast railway network across India
How did the British ironically create their own demise by creating an elite of educated Indian administrators to help with controlling and administering their vast colony?
European system of education familiarized the local middle-class intelligentsia with the political and social values of European society, but these values–democracy, individual freedom, and equality–were the antithesis of the empire, they promoted nationalist movements
How did the goal of the Indian National Congress change after the Great War?
AT FIRST: stressed collaboration with the British to bring self-rule to india
AFTER: congress pursued that goal in opposition to the British
How did the Muslim League contribute to the cause of the Indian National Congress?
both organizations dedicated to achieving independence for India, but members of the Muslim League increasingly worry that Hindu oppression and continued subjugation of India’s Muslim minority might replace British rule
From where did Indian nationalists draw encouragement and ideas from?
- Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points
- Lenin’s appeal for a united struggle by proletarians and colonized activity
What life experience influenced Gandhi’s involvement in fighting racial segregation, and adopting of a moral philosophy of ahimsa and developed a technique of passive resistance (satyagraha)?
In 1893, he went to South Africa to accept a position with an Indian firm, there he became involved with organizing the local Indian community against system of racial segregation that made Indians second-class citizens
What was Gandhi’s moral philosophy of ahisma?
tolerance and nonviolence
What was Gandhi’s technique of passive resistance, satyagraha?
“truth and firmness”
Gandhi spent an hour each morning carefully studying what document, which was one of the most sacred writings of Hinduism, that he regarded as a spiritual dictionary?
“Bhagavad Gita” (Sanskrit for “The Lord’s Song”)
Gandhi’s unique mixture of _________ intensity and _________ activism appealed to broad section of the Indian population, and in the eyes of many he quickly achieved the stature of a political and spiritual leader, their ________, or “great soul”.
spiritual; political; Mahatma
Gandhi fought especially hard to improve the status of what class of society? What did he call the people of this class?
fought especially hard to improve the status of the lowest classes of society, the casteless Untouchables
- he called them harijans (“children of God”)
Under Gandhi’s leadership, what two mass movements did the Indian National Congress launch?
- the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1920-1922
- the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930
What did Gandhi call for Indian people to do in order to achieve self-sufficiency, which he believed to be a prerequisite to self-government?
called on Indian people to:
- boycott British goods and return to wearing rough homespun cotton clothing
- advocated for manual labor and the revival of rural cottage industries
- boycott institutions operated by the British in India like schools, offices, and courts
Despite Gandhi’s cautions against the use of force, _________ often accompanied the protest movement.
violence
What did the British do to Indian protesters in the city of Amritsar in Punjab in 1919?
colonial troops freely used their rifles to disperse an unarmed crowd, killing 379 demonstrators
What act did British parliament enact to give India the institutions of a self-governing state?
Government of India Act
What did the Government of India Act allow for, that permitted India to establish a self-governing state?
- allowed for establishment of autonomous legislative bodies in the provinces of British India
- allowed for creation of a bicameral (two-chambered) national legislature
- allowed for formation of an executive arm under the control of the British government
- act went into effect in 1937
For what two main reasons was the Government of India Act unworkable?
- India’s six hundred nominally sovereign princes refused to cooperate
- Muslims feared that Hindus would dominate the national legislature
- Muslims already faced economic control by Hindus (fact underlined by Great Depression)
Why was India hit especially hard by the Great Depression?
- mainly agricultural economies devastated
- imperial government did not respond with energetic efforts to mitigate the effects of economic crisis
How did the Great Depression exacerbate conflict between Muslims and Hindus?
Muslims constituted majority of indebted tenant farmers who could not pay rents and debts, landlords were Hindus
- felt economically exploited by Hindus, and economic discrimination bolstered calls for a separate Muslim state
Who was a brilliant lawyer who headed the Muslim League, and warned that a unified India represented nothing less than a threat to the Muslim faith and its Indian community?
Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948)
In place of one unified India, what did Muhammad Ali Jinnah propose?
he proposed two states
one of which would be the “land of the pure”, or Pakistan
Who was a leading opponent of the old Qing empire, and proclaimed a Chinese republic in 1912 and briefly assumed the office of president?
Dr. Sun Yatsen (1866-1925)
What did the revolution of 1911 in China do to the government?
forced the Xuantong emperor, still a child (also known as Puyi) to abdicate his throne
After the revolution of 1911, and the establishment of a Chinese republic by Dr. Sun Yatsen, the republic soon plunged into a state of political anarchy and economic disintegration marked by the rule of who?
warlords, disaffected generals from the old imperial Chinese army, and their troops
How did the control of warlords contribute to the deterioration of Chinese society?
- neglected irrigation projects crucial to the survival of farmers
- protected the opium trade
- decline of crucial economic investments
Warlords were just one symbol of the disintegration of Chinese political order, what was the other main symbol?
fragmented relationship between native authority and foreign powers
- continued sway of unequal treaties and other concessions permitted foreigners to intervene in Chinese society–they didn’t control the state, but their privileges impaired Chinese sovereignty
What did youths and intellectuals in China eagerly anticipate of the 1919 Peace Conference in Paris? What were the actual results?
expected the US government to support the termination of the treaty system and the restoration of full Chinese sovereignty
- hopes were shattered when peacemakers approved increasing Japanese interference in China
What was the May Fourth Movement? What sparked it, and what did they protest against?
Chinese movement that began 4 May 1919 with a desire to eliminate imperialist influences and promote national unity
- spearheaded by students and intellectuals in China’s urban areas
- sparked by peacemakers’ decision to increase Japanese interference in China at Paris Peace Conference
- leaders of movement pledged to rid China of imperialism and reestablish national unity
Disillusioned by the cynical self-interest of the United States and the European powers, some Chinese became interested in __________ thought as modified by _______ and social and economic experiments under way in the Soviet Union.
Marxist; Lenin
The anti-imperialist rhetoric of the Soviet leadership prompted the organization of what political party in China?
1921 the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) organized in Shanghai
Who was among the early members of the Chinese Communist Party who viewed Marxist-inspired social revolution as the cure for China’s problems?
Mao Zedong (1893- 1976)
How did the beliefs of Chinese communists differ from that of European communists in terms of women’s rights and roles in society?
Chinese communists
1. believed in divorce
2. opposed arranged marriages
3. campaigned against the practice of foot binding
Sun Yatsen’s basic ideology was summarized in what book of his?
“Three Principles of the People”
What did Sun Yatsen’s “Three Principles of the People” call for?
- elimination of special privileges for foreigners
- national reunification
- economic development
- democratic republican government based on universal suffrage
To realize the goals he outlined in his “Three Principles of the People”, Sun Yatsen was determined to bring all of China under the control of what party of his?
Nationalist People’s Party, or Guomindang
Members of the Chinese Communist Party began to augment the ranks of the Guomindang and by 1926 made up how much of the Guomindang’s membership?
one-third
Under the doctrine of Lenin’s democratic _________–stressing centralized party control by a highly disciplined group of professional revolutionaries–______ advisors helped organize the Guomindang and the CCP into effective political organizations.
centralism; Soviet
After the death of Sun Yatsen in 1925, the leadership of the Guomindang fell to who?
Jiang Jieshi (1887-1975)
How was Jiang Jieshi’s vision for social revolution different from the communists’?
did not view the masses of China as a part of social revolution
What political and military offensive did Jiang Jieshi launch that aimed to unify the nation and bring China under Guomindang rule?
the Northern Expedition
Toward the end of his successful campaign, what did Jiang Jieshi do to the relationship between the Guomindang and the CCP?
brutally and unexpectedly turned against his former communist allies, bringing the alliance of convenience between the Guomindang and the CCP to a bloody end in 1927
Where did nationalist forces set up a central government in China, and declare the Guomindang the official government of a unified and sovereign Chinese state?
Nanjing
How was China able to evade most of the effects of the Great Depression (three main factors)?
- arge agrarian economy and small industrial sector were connected only marginally to the world economy
- foreign trade in tea and silk, which declined, made up only a small part of China’s economy
- economy dominated by its large domestic markets
While largely evading the effects of the Great Depression, what three major problems did China have to deal with during the 1930s?
- nationalists only controlled part of China, the remainder of the country was controlled by warlords
- by the early 1930s, communist revolution was still a major threat
- Guomindang faced increasing Japanese agression
What was the CCP’s army called?
the Red Army
Out of China’s three main problems faced during the 1930s, which did he focus on?
gave priority to eliminating the CCP an its Red Army
What was the Long March of the CCP’s Red Army?
some 85,000 troops and auxiliary personnel of the Red Army began the epic journey of 10,000 km (6,215 mi) to Shaanxi province in northwestern China, and establish HQ at Yan’an
What was the significance of the Red Army’s Long March?
- inspired many Chinese to join the Communist Party
- Mao Zedong emerged as the leader and the principal theoretician of the Chinese communist movement
Mao Zedong, who emerged as the leader and the principal theoretician of the Chinese communist movement came up with a Chinese form of Marxist-Leninism, or Maoism. What was this ideology?
ideology grounded in the conviction that peasants rather than urban proletariats were the foundation for a successful revolution
- village power was critical in a country where most people were peasants
What organization did Japan join as one of the “big five” powers?
the League of Nations
What did the Japanese government do after joining the League of Nations as one of the “big five” powers?
entered into a series of international agreements that sought to improve relations among countries with conflicting interests in Asia and the Pacific
As a signatory to several treaties from what conference in 1922, did Japan agree to (1) limit naval development, (2) pledged to evacuate Shandong province of China, and (3) guaranteed China’s territorial integrity?
Washington Conference in 1922
What agreement did Japan sign that renounced war as an instrument of national policy in 1928?
the Kellogg-Briad Pact
Japan’s _______ involvement in the Great War gave a dual boost to its economy.
limited
How did the Japanese economy benefit during the Great War?
- profited from selling munitions and other goods to the Allies throughout the war
- gained a bigger foothold in Asia as the war led Europe’s trading nations to neglect Asian markets
After the Great War, how did the Japanese government deteriorate?
- rapid inflation and labor unrest appeared by 1918
- series of recessions culiminated in a giant economic slump caused by the Great Depression
- experienced plummeting industrial production, huge job layoffs, declining trade, and financial chaos
Public demands for what figured prominently in Japanese domestic politics throughout the 1920s?
- sweeping political and social reforms
- broadening of the franchise
- protection for labor unions
- welfare legislation
In Japan in the early 1930s, ight-wing political groups called for what, while Xenophoic nationalists dedicated themselves to the preservation of a unique Japanese culture and the eradication of Western influences?
called for an end to party rule
Which Japanese prime minister was murdered, which culminated the campaign of assassinations in 1930s Japanese society?
Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi
Politicians who supported Japan’s role in the international industrial-capitalist system faced increasing opposiition from who?
those who were inclined toward a militarist vision of a self-sufficient Japan that would dominate east Asia
How did China’s unification threaten affect Japanese efforts to establish a self-sufficient state?
threatened Japan’s economic interests in Manchuria
- but conflict between China’s nationalists and communists made China an inviting target
What was the significance of Manchuria (historically Chinese territory) to Japan?
by the 20th century, Manchuria was a sphere of influence where Japan maintained the Manchurian Railroad (build in 1906)
- retained transit rights and stationed troops
- 1931, Japan’s military forces asserted control over the region
What happened during the Mukden incident on the night of September 18, 1931?
Japanese troops used explosives to blow up a few feet of rail on the Japanese-build South Manchuria Railway north of Mukden
- accused the Chinese of attacking their railway, became the pretext for war between China and Japan
By 1932, what did Japanese control over Manchuria look like? How did this expansion change the state, and challenge the internaional peace system?
by 1932, Japanese troops controlled all of Manchuria, ensuring Japan preeminence and protecting its long-term economic and industrial development of the region
- established a puppet state (Manchukuo), but it really just absorbed Manchuria into their empire, challenged international peace system, and begun a war
How did the Guomindang respond to Japanese invasion of Manchuria?
Jiang Jieshi appealed to the League of Nations to halt Japanese aggression, on the grounds that they challenged the international peace system
- the league called for withdrawal of Japanese forces and for restoration of Chinese sovereignty
How did Japan respond to the League of Nations’ demands that they withdraw their forces from Manchuria and restore Chinese sovereignty?
they left the league, and ultimately nothing was done to stop the aggression
The Great War and the Great Depression made signal contributions to the ongoing nationalist and political upheavals taking place throughout Asia because new _________ and old ________ conflicts intersected to complicate the process of independence and national unfiication.
ideologies; conflicts
The _______ ties that bound African colonies to European powers ensured that Africans became _________ in the Great War, willing or not.
colonial; participants
Who was the uncrowned, pro-Muslim boy emperor of Ethiopia who aligned his nation with Turkey?
Ljj Iyasu (r. 1913-1916)
Which alliance did Liberira join in 1917 during the Great War?
the Allies, after the US entered the war
Where did Germany hold colonies in Africa (5)?
Togo, Cameroon, German South-West Africa, and German East Africa
How did British officers and soliders attack Germany’s African colonies in trying to maintain naval supremacy?
attempted to put German port facilities and communications systems out of action
What was France’s objective in attacking Germany’s African colonies?
to recover terrtiory in Cameroon that it had ceded to Germany in 1911
By resorting to guerrilla tactics, some ____ thousand German troops tied _____ thousand Allied forces down and postponed defeat until the last days of the war in the fight over Germany’s African colonies
15; 60.
More than how many African soldiers participated directly in military campaigns?
one million
In what three ways did colonial powers raise recruits for fighting and carrier services in their African colonies?
- purely voluntary basis
- levies supplied by African chiefs that consisted of volunteer and impressed personnel
- formal conscription
In French African colonies, what was the rule for military service?
military service became compulsory for all males between the ages of 20 and 28
How did the British raise recruits in their African colonies?
1915 service order made all men age 18 to 25 liable for military service
In the Congo, how many porters did the Belgians recruit?
half a million
In Libya, what did uprisings and forms of protest represent?
continued resistance to European rule
What cult in Kenya targeted Europeans and their Christian religion?
the Mumbo cult
Where did the major inspiration for most revolts in African colonies stem from?
the resentment and hatred engendered by the compulsory conscription of soldiers and carriers
What were the two key economic objectives pursued by colonial powers in Africa?
- wanted to make sure that the colonized paid for the institutions (bureaucracies, judiciary, police, military forces) that kept them in subjugation
- developed export-oriented economies characterized by the exchange of unprocessed raw materials or minimally processed cash crops for manufactured good from abroad
The Great Depression of the 1930s exposed the ____________ of dependent colonial economies, as international markets for primary products shrank under the impact of the depression.
vulnerability
Colonial _________ was an important tool designed to drive Africans into the labor market. To earn money to pay the taxes levied on land, houses, livestock, and people themselves, African farmers had to become ________ crop farmers or seek ________ labor on plantations and in mines.
taxation; cash; wage
In most colonies, farmers who kept their land specialized in one or two crops, generally destined for ________ to the country governing them.
export
List some cash crops associated with the African colony.
peanuts from Senegal and northern Nigeria
cotton fro Uganda
cocoa from the Gold Coast
rubber from the Congo
palm oil from the Ivory Coast and the Niger delta
What were the three colonies in Africa with extensive white settlement? What kind of agriculture was practiced?
Kenya, Rhodesia, and South Africa
- settler agriculture most prominent
What was an example of how production of agricultural commodities intended for overseas markets remained in the hands of white settlers in Kenya?
four thousand white farmers seized the Kikuyu highlands, which comprised seven million acres of the colony’s richest land
What was an example of how production of agricultural commodities intended for overseas markets remained in the hands of white settlers in South Africa?
the government reserved 88% of all land for whites, made up just 20% of the the total population
Where taxation failed to create a malleable native labor force, colonial officials resorted to what?
forced labor
- barely disguised variants of slavery, prominent features of the colonial economy
How many workers did the French round up annually for the construction of their Congo-Ocean railway from Brazzaville to the port at Point-Noir?
10,000
Colonialism prompted the emergence of what new African social class?
the “new elite”
- derived its status and place in society from employment and education
Who spent almost 15 years in Europe attending various schools and universities, and was an immensely articulate nationalist, leading Kenya to independence from the British?
Jomo Kenyatta (1895-1978)
What was the class below Africa’s “new elite” class? What did their education look like?
teachers, clerks, and interpreters who had obtained a European-derived primary or secondary education
Those who held jobs with colonial governments, with foreign companies, or with Christian missionaries were considered to have adopted the cultural norms of who?
the colonizer
- Africans who spoke and understood the language of the colonizer, moved with ease in the world of the colonizer, wore European-style clothes or adopting European names
Because colonialism had introduced Africans to European ideas and ideologies, African nationalists frequently embraced the European concept of the ________ as a means of forging unity among disparate African groups.
nation
- the nation as articulated by European thinkers and statesmen provided the best model for mobilizing their resources and organizing their societies, best chance for mounting effective resistance to colonialism
_______ had provided colonial powers with one rationale for conquest and exploitation; hence it was not surprising that some nationalists used the concept of an African race as a foundation for identity, solidarity, and nation builiding.
race
Who was W.E.B DuBois?
1868–1963. African American activist and intellectual who championed the movement of American blacks back to Africa.
Typically it was ____ blacks and Afro-____________ intellectuals who promoted the unification of all people of African descent into a single African state (= pan Africanism!!).
U.S.; Caribbean
Alongside W.E.B DuBois, who was a Jamaican nationalist leader who preached black pride and called on blacks living in the African diaspora to go “Back to Africa”?
Marcus Garvey
While many Africans tried to build a nation through race, others looked for an African identity rooted in what?
geography
- approach commonly translated into a desire to build the nation on the basis of borders that defined existing colonial states
The era of the Great War and the Great Depression proved crucial to solidifying and exposing to view the _______________ structures that guided affairs in Latin America.
neocolonialism
Generally seen as an indirect and more subtle form of imperial control, neocolonialism usually took shape as what?
foreign economic domination
- did not exclude more typically imperial actions such as military intervention and political interference
In Central and South America, as well as in Mexico and the Caribbean, new imperial influence after the Great War and Great Depression came not from former colonial rulers but from where?
wealthy, industrial-capitalist powerhouses like
- Great Britain
- especially the United States
What political doctrines and nationalist ideals was Latin America being exposed to during the interwar years that informed the outlooks of many disgruntled intellectuals and artists?
- Marxism
- Vladimir Lenin’s theories of capitalism and imperialism
- growing concern for the impoverished Indian masses
- exploited peasants and workers in Latin American societies
After the Great War and the Great Depression, the _____________-derived liberalism that had shaped independence movements and the political systems of many postindependence nations no longer served as the only form of political legitimacy.
Enlightenment
What was one of the first institutions in Latin America to witness rebellion between the peoples of Latin America and the U.S.’s new economic power and capitalism?
universities
- university students hailed the Mexican and Russian revolutions, began demand reforms in 1920s
- students wanted more representation within the educational system
- political activism resulted in long-term politicization of the student bodies at Latin American universities
What changed about universities in Latin America as the US obtained intense economic power during the Great War and students rebelled against this?
universities became training grounds for future political leaders, and the ideas explored within an academic setting exerted great influence on those budding politicians
Who was a self-educated young Marxist intellectual who established the Socialist Party of Peru, wrote and rallied in support of laborers, and was helping to create the Peruvian Communist Party?
Jose Carlos Mariategui
Followers of the Allianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (Popular American Revolutionary Alliance, or APRA) were known as what?
Apristas
What political party in Peru advocated indigenous rights and anti-imperialism among other causes to give voice to those critical of Peru’s ruling system?
the Allianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (Popular American Revolutionary Alliance, or APRA)
Who pioneered the radical but noncommunist alternative ideas offered by Apristas of the Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (APRA), imparting his views of staunch imperialism and a plan for capitalist development that had peasants and workers cooperating with the middle class?
Victor Raul Haya de la Torre
Whose murals symbolized the ideological transformations apparent in Latin America and shaped the politicized art of Mexico for decades?
Diego Rivera
- artistically trained in Mexico, went to study in Europe in 1907 influenced by Renaissance artists and cubists
- blended artistic and political visions in vast murals intended for appreciation by the masses
In which public buildings was Diego Rivera commissioned by the government to create large frescoes for?
National Palace and the Ministry of Education in Mexico City
In the 1930s, what American organization commissioned Diego Rivera to paint murals for a US audience (and such migration would create controversy)?
Detroit Institute of Arts
In 1933, Diego Rivera received a request to paint murals for what building in Rockefeller Center in New York City?
RCA building in Rockefeller Center
- included in one panel a portrait of Vladamir Lenin, which outraged those who had commissioned the work, and his mural was destroyed
After Diego Rivera’s mural in the RCA building in Rockefeller Center was destroyed, how did he respond?
undertook a series of 21 paintings on US history titled “Portrait of America”
- labeled one of them “Imperialism” which visualized and advertised the economic interference and political repressiveness engendered by US neocolonialism in Latin America
In Diego Rivera’s painting “Imperialism”, who is overlooking the whole scene of the Latin American military oppression by the New York Stock Exchange and the Standard Oil Company?
Augusto Cesar Sandino, martyred nationalist hero who opposed US intervention in Nicaragua
Between 1924 and 1929, US banks and businesses more than doubled their financial interests in Latin America as investments grew from $1.5 billion to _____ billion. Much of that money went toward the ___________ of businesses extracting vital minerals.
$3.5; takeover
That US neocolonialism was meant to be largely economic became evident in the policies of what US president?
President William Howard Taft (1857-1931)
What did the US president William Howard Taft argue about the US’s foreign policy?
- wanted businesses to develop foreign markets through peaceful commerce
- believed that expensive military intervention should be avoided as much as possible
William Howard Taft’s new vision of US expansion abroad was dubbed as what by critics, but what known as what to Latin America?
“dollar diplomacy” and “Yankee imperialism”
The Great Depression halted _______ years of economic growth in Latin America and illustrated the region’s susceptibility to global economic crises.
50
What two main factors during the Great Depression prompted Latin American governments to raise tariffs on foreign trade, encouraged domestic manufacturing, and thus made important gains in many Latin American nations?
- drying up of foreign capital
- drastic decline in the price of the region’s exports
Economic policy stressing internal economic development was most visible in what Latin American country?
Brazil
- dictator-president Getulio Dornelles Vargas turned his nation into an “estado novo” (new state”
Who was the dictator-president of Brazil that turned his nation into an “estado novo”?
Getulio Dornelles Vargas
What were two key industries of Vargas and his government’s program of industrialization that created new enterprises? (in Brazil)
- iron
- steel industries
In addition to a program of industrialization, what two other ways did dictator-president Getulio Dornelles Vargas and his government stress internal economic development?
- implemented protectionist policies that shielded domestic production from foreign competition
- social welfare initiatives protected workers with health and safety regulations, minimum wages, limits on working hours, unemployment compensation, and retirement benefits
For what two reasons did US policymakers institute certain innovations that called into question any true change of heart among US neocolonialists (like approving sweetheart treaties, providing training for indigenous police forces to keep peace and maintain law and order)?
- to extricate US military forces
- to rely more fully on dollar diplomacy
What did “sweetheart treaties” implemented by US policymakers do to Caribbean economies?
guaranteed US financial control in the Caribbean economies of Haiti and the Dominican Republic
What was the revamping of US approach to relations with Latin America known as? This policy was most closely associated with the administration of Franklin D. Roosevelt.
the Good Neighbor Policy
How was the US Marines’ training indigenous police forces to keep the peace and maintain law and order a worthwhile investment in revamping US relations with Latin America? (two reasons)
- these national guards tended to be less expensive than maintaining forces of US Marines
- guards’ leaders usually worked to keep cordial relations with the US
The mid and late [year/time period] again witnessed the outbreak of civil war in Nicaragua and the repeated insertion of the __________ to restore order.
1920s; Marines
Who led the opposition to Nicaraguan conservatives and the occupation of Nicaragua by US Marines?
Augusto Cesar Sandino
- nationalist and liberal general who refused to accept any peace settlement that left Marines on Nicaraguan soil
As part of a plan to remove US forces, the United States established and trained what group in Nicaragua?
Guarda Nacional, or National Guard
In their leave after the 1932 election and the US troops departing, who became president of Nicaragua and who was positioned as commander of the National Guard?
Juan Batista Sacasa = president
Anastacio Somoza Garcia = commander of the Guard
How did Anastacio Somoza Garcia work towards maintaining the loyalty of the National Guard and to prove himself a good neighbor to the United States (two main ways)?
- visited Washington DC in 1939, and renamed the Nicaraguan capital city’s main thoroughfare after Roosevelt
- collected what became the largest fortune in Nicaragua’s history to establish a political dynasty that ruled the nation for decades to come
How was President Theodore Roosevelt’s corollary to the Monroe Doctrine renounced?
renounced in December 1933 when Secretary of State Cordell Hull attended the Seventh International Conference of American States in Montevideo, Urugay
- signed the Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, which held that “no state has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of another”
Cordell Hull’s proposition to renounce the Roosevelt Corollary faced a severe challenge when which Mexican president nationalized the oil industry, much of which was controlled by foreign investors from the US and Great Britain?
Lazaro Cardenas
What did Roosevelt and his administration call for despite pressure to respond more strongly to Lazaro Cardenas’s nationalization of the oil industry?
called for cool, calm response and negotiations to end the conflict
- plan prevailed and the foreign oil companies ultimately had to accept only $24 million in compensation rather than the $260 million initially demanded
= SUGGESTED STRENGTH OF THE GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY
Filling the migration void left by Europeans prevented from coming to the US by the war and by the US immigration restriction laws of the 1920s, Mexican men, women, and children entered the United States in the hundreds of ________ to engage in what kind of work?
thousands; agricultural and industrial work
- political power of agribusiness prevented the government from instituting legal restrictions on Mexican migration
Who was a Latin American singing and dancing sensation adopted by Hollywood to contribute to the repairing of relations and the promoting of more positive images of Latin American and US relations?
Carmen Miranda
Equally successful as a marketing device, although one that illustrated the continued limitations of the Good Neighbor Policy, was what company’s appropriation of Carmen Miranda’s image for the selling of the bananas that symbolized US economic control of regions throughout Central America and the Caribbean?
the United Fruit Company
What was the name of the United Fruit Company’s advertising character based off of Carmen Miranda?
“Chiquita Banana”
