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chapter 27 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was Shah Jahan?

A

emperor of Mughal India
- built Peacock Throne and Taj Mahal in honor of his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal

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2
Q

What did Shah Jahan and his architects believe the Taj Mahal symbolized?

A
  • the day when Allah would cause the dead to rise and undergo judgement before his heavenly throne
  • gardens= gardens of paradise
  • four water channels= four rivers of the heavenly kingdom
  • domed tomb of Mumtaz Mahal= throne of Allah
  • four minarets= legs supporting the divine throne
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3
Q

The Mughal empire ruled most of the Indian subcontinent for more than _____ _______ years.

A

three hundred

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4
Q

The Ottoman empire was a dynastic Muslims state centered in what is today ______.

A

Turkey

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5
Q

Which was the longest-lived of the Muslim empires, not disbanding until the early 20th century?

A

Ottoman empire

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6
Q

Which Muslim realm emerged on the eastern borders of the Ottoman empire during the early 16th century?

A

Safavid

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7
Q

All three Islamic empires (Mughal, Ottoman, and Safavid) of early modern times had _______ ruling dynasties.

A

Turkish

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8
Q

The Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals came from nomadic Turkish speaking peoples of central Asia who conquered the settled agricultural lands of _____, ______, and ______, respectively.

A

Anatolia, Persia, India

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9
Q

What was the Ottoman empire distinguished by?

A

its multiethnic chararcter

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10
Q

What was the Safavid empire distinguished by?

A

center of Shiite (Shia) Islam

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11
Q

What was the Mughal empire distinguished by?

A

imposed over predominantly Hindu Indian subcontinent

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12
Q

The term “Ottoman” derived from who?

A

Osman Bey, founder of the Ottoman dynasty in 1289

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13
Q

The Ottoman empire survived until its dissolution in what year?

A

1923

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14
Q

Osman Bey was “bey” which translates to what?

A

“chief”

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15
Q

Osman and his followers sought above all to become what?

A

ghazi, Muslim religious warriors
- thought of as servants to God, protector, and refuge of the believers

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16
Q

What enabled the Ottomans to wage holy war?

A

their location on the borders of the Byzantine empire

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17
Q

What was the Ottoman’s first great military success?

A

1326 with capture of the Anatolian city of Bursa, which became capital of Ottoman pricnipality

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18
Q

In addition to Bursa, what other city served as a second Ottoman capital as a base for further expansion into the Balkans?

A

Edirne (Adrianople)

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19
Q

What two forces did Ottoman military leaders organize the ghazi into?

A

a light cavalry and a volunteer infantry
- added professional cavalry force after Ottoman state more firmly established

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20
Q

After expanding into the Balkans, the Ottomans created an important force composed of slave troops through an institution known as what?

A

devshrime

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21
Q

What did the Ottoman institution of devshirme require?

A

Christian population of the Balkans must contribute young boys to become slaves of the sultan
- boys received special training, learned Turkish, and converted to Islam
- either entered Ottoman civilian administration or the military

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22
Q

What were the young boy slave soldiers under the devshirme institution known as?

A

The Janissaries
- from the Turkish “yeni cheri” meaning “new troops”

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23
Q

The janissaries quickly gained a reputation for esprit de corps or…?

A

loyalty to the sultan

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24
Q

After the capture of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed II, or Mehmed the Conqueror, Constantinople…?

A

became the new Ottoman capital, subsequently known as Istanbul

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25
Q

Mehmed II established himself as ruler of what “two lands” and what “two seas”?

A

Europe and Asia
Black Sea and Mediterranean

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26
Q

What was government like under Mehmed II?

A

tightly centralized, absolute monarchy, army faced no serious rival

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27
Q

Who was the Ottoman sultan that occupied Syria and Egypt in the 16th century?

A

Selim the Grim–Suleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566)

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28
Q

Where did Suleyman the Magnificent vigorously promote Ottoman expansion?

A

southwest Asia and in Europe
- 1534 conquered Baghdad and added Tigris and Euphrates valleys to Ottoman domain
- captured Belgrade in 1521, defeated and killed the king of Hungary, consolidated Ottoman power north of the Danube
- 1529 subjected the Habsburg empire’s city of Vienna to brief and terrifying siege

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29
Q

What did Suleyman the Magnificent do at the battle of Mohács in 1526?

A

defeated and killed the king of Hungary

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30
Q

While also vigorously expanding their domain, the Ottomans also became a major _______ power under Suleyman.

A

naval

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31
Q

In addition to their Aegean and Black Sea fleets, what navy did the Ottomans inherit under Suleyman’s rule?

A

navy of the Mamluk rulers of Egypt

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32
Q

Who became Suleyman’s leading admiral after placed his pirate fleet under the Ottoman flag?

A

Khayr al-Din Barbarossa Pasha, a Turkish corsair who challenged Spanish forces in Tunisia and Algeria

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33
Q

In 1499, who was the 12 year old boy who fled Gilan near the Caspian Sea to hide from enemies of his family for 5 years?

A

Ismail

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34
Q

How did Ismail start the Safavid dyansty?

A

laid claim to ancient Persian imperial title of shah, proclaimed official religion of the realm would be Twelver Shiism, launched multiple military campaigns to control land

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35
Q

Who was Safi al-Din?

A

leader of a Sufi religious order in north-western Persia

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36
Q

What was the goal of a Sufi mystic?

A

recover the lost intimacy between God and the human soul, and to find truth of divine knowledge and love through a direct personal experience of God

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37
Q

What did the famous tomb and shrine of Safi al-Din at Ardabil become/what was its significance in the Safavid empire?

A

became home of Shah Ismail’s family (named ¨Safavids” after Safi al-Din)
- headquarters of Ismail’s religious movement

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38
Q

What did Shah Ismail proclaim would be the official religion of his realm?

A

Twelver Shiism

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39
Q

What were imams?

A

religious leaders

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40
Q

What did Twelver Shiism hold?

A
  • there had been 12 infallible (shiite) imams after Muhammed, beginning with prophet’s cousin and son in law Ali
  • the twelfth “hidden” imam had gone into hiding to escape persecution
  • Twelve Shiites believe he was still alive, would one day return to take power and spread his true religion
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41
Q

What had Ismail’s father instructed his followers to do that established a distinctive Turkish cultural element?

A

wear a distinctive red hat with twelve pleats in memory of the twelve Shiite imams

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42
Q

What did Ismail’s father’s Turkish following become known as as a result of their wearing distinctive red hats?

A

qizilbash (“red heads”)

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43
Q

What did some Safavids believe about Ismail and the hidden imam?

A

Believed Ismail was the hidden imam or even an incarnation of Allah

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44
Q

Why did the qizilbash enthusiastically accept the notion that Ismail was the hidden imam, or an incarnation of Allah?

A

resembled traditional Turkish conceptions of leadership that associated military leaders with divinity
- believed qizilbash would make them invincible in battle, became fanatically loyal to Safavid cause

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45
Q

Shah Ismail’s curious blend of _______ and Turkish _________ gave his regime a distinctive identity.

A

Shiism; militancy

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46
Q

Shah Ismail made conversion to ______ Islam mandatory for the largely Sunni population, which created some powerful enemies.

A

Shiite

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47
Q

Who were the foremost enemies of the Safavid regime?

A

Sunni Ottomans who detested the Shiite Safavids
- feared the spread of Safavid propaganda among nomadic Turks in their territory

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48
Q

At what critical battle in 1514 did the Ottomans badly damage the Safavid state?

A

battle on the plain of Chaldiran

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49
Q

What was one contributor to the Safavids’ defeat at the battle on the plain of Chaldiran?

A

largely refused to use firearms and gunpowder technology equipped by the Ottomans

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50
Q

How did later Safavid rulers adapt Ismail’s bureaucracy and administration to ensure Safavid recovery and prosperity after Chaldiran?

A
  • abandoned extreme ideology of emperor and Allah in favor of more conventional Twelver Shiism
  • emperors still derived legitimacy as descendants and representatives of the imams
  • assigned land grants to qizilbash officers to retain loyalty, give them stake in survival of Safavid regime
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51
Q

Who moved the Safavid capital, encouraged trade with other lands, and formed the administrative and military institutions of the empire from 1588-1629?

A

Shah Abbas the Great (r.1588-1629)

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52
Q

How did Shah Abbas the Great improve the Safavid military?

A
  • increased use of gunpowder weapons
  • incorporated “slaves of the royal household” into the army
  • sought European assistance against the Ottomans and Portuguese
  • led Safavids to numerous victories
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53
Q

Shah Abbas the Great’s military campaigns brought what nations under Safavid rule?

A

north-western Iran, the Caucasus, and Mesopotamia

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54
Q

Who was a Chaghatai Turk who founded the Mughal empire?

A

Zahir al-Din Muhammad known as Babur (“the Tiger”)

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55
Q

Who did Babur claim descent from?

A

Chinngis Khan and Tamerlane

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56
Q

Unlike the Ottomans who sought to be renowned ghazis, or the Safavids who acted as champions of Shiism, what did Babur seek?

A

didn’t want to be anything more than an adventurer and soldier of fortune in the manner of his illustrious ancestors
- wanted to transform his great inheritance into a glorious central Asian empire

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57
Q

When did Babur take Delhi (after his great ambitions were squashed in Farghana)?

A

1526

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58
Q

By the time of Babur’s death in 1530, he had built a loosely knit empire that stretched from _______ through the _______ to the borders of ________.

A

Kabul; Punjab; Bengal

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59
Q

What does the term “Mughal” mean?

A

Persian term for “Mongol”

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60
Q

Who was considered the real architect of the Mughal empire, a brilliant and charismatic ruler?

A

Akbar (r. 1556-1605)

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61
Q

How did Akbar put authority into his own hands/how did he come to power?

A

1561, following an argument with Adham Khan, Akbar threw Adham Khan out the window twice to ensure that there would be no threats to his rule

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62
Q

What did Mughal government look like under Akbar’s rule?

A

centralized administrative strcture with ministries regulating the various provinces of the empire

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63
Q

How did Akbar promote the study of philosophy and practice of religion in his realm?

A
  • thoughtful and reflective man who constantly had books read to him
  • didn’t impose Islam on his subjects but encouraged the elaboration of a syncretic religion called the “divine faith”
64
Q

What was Akbar’s syncretic religion called the “divine faith” that he promoted?

A

focused attention on the emperor as a ruler common to all religious, ethnic, and social groups of India

65
Q

Under whose reign did the Mughal empire reach its greatest extent?

A

under Aurangzeb (r. 1659-1707)
- waged a relentless campaign during his rule to push Mughal authority deep into southern India

66
Q

What was the Mughal empire like under Aurangzeb’s rule?

A

troubled empire:
- faced rebellions throughout his reign
- religious tensions generated conflicts between Hindus and Muslims

67
Q

How did Aurangzeb create religious tensions amongst the Mughal empire under his reign?

A
  • broke with Akbar’s policy of religious toleration as a devout Muslim himself
  • demolished several famous Hindu temples and replaced with mosques
  • imposed tax on Hindus to encourage conversion to Islam
  • provoked deep hostility among Hindus and enabled local leaders to organize movements to resist against Mughal authority
68
Q

In the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires, the prestige and authority of the dynasty derived from…?

A

the personal piety and the military prowess of the ruler and his ancestors

69
Q

The Safavids were prominent leaders of a ______ religious order, and the Ottomans and Mughals associated closely with famous _____.

A

Sufi; Sufis

70
Q

The ghazi ideal of spreading Islam by fighting infidels or hertics resonated with what main tradition of Turkish and Mongolian peoples?

A

on the steppes fighting was routine, and successful warriors became charismatic leaders

71
Q

What year was Constantinople captured, and the Byzantine empire officially fell?

A

1453

72
Q

What is kanun?

A

“laws”

73
Q

Europeans called Suleyman Suleyman the Magnificent, but the Ottomans referred to him as what?

A

Suleyman Kanuni, “the Lawgiver”

74
Q

The greatest of Ottoman sultans’ legal edicts were kanun issued by who?

A

Suleyman

75
Q

Rulers of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires ruled and administrated their empires building off of what practices?

A

steppe practices

76
Q

In the steppe empires, whose relatives often managed components of the states?

A

ruler’s relatives

77
Q

What did conflicts for the throne in the Mughal empire look like?

A

tied up in family controversies, conflict among Mughal princes and rebellions of sons against fathers were recurrent features throughout the history of the empire

78
Q

What did conflicts for the throne in the Safavid empire look like?

A

engaged in murderous struggles for the throne

79
Q

What was Shah Abbas’ experience with struggles for the throne?

A

lived in fear that another member of the family would challenge him
- kept his sons confined to the palace and killed or blinded relatives he suspected, almost wiped out family in the process

80
Q

What did conflicts for the throne look like in the Ottoman empire?

A
  • early Ottomans assigned provinces for the sultan’s sons to administer but kept the empire as a whole tightly unified
  • later on sultans moved to protect their position by eliminating family rivals–could legally kill of brothers after taking the throne
81
Q

Who decreed that a ruler could legally kill off his brothers after taking the throne in the Ottoman empire?

A

Mehmed the Conqueror

82
Q

What did Muslim theorists universally agree about women’s roles in society?

A
  • women should have no role in public affairs
  • the involvement of women in politics as a sure sign of decadence
83
Q

Many Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal emperors followed the example of Chinggis Khan in doing what?

A

ruler’s mother and his chief wife or favorite concubine enjoyed special privileges and authority

84
Q

Who was Suleyman’s concubine of Ukrainian origin whom he elevated to the status of legal wife and often deferred to her judgement?

A

Hurrem Sultana (also known as Roxelana)

85
Q

What was an example of women playing prominent political roles in Safavid Persia?

A

Mahd-e Olya, the wife of one shah, was the de facto ruler
- her efforts to limit the power of the qizilbash so enraged them that they murdered her

86
Q

What was an example of women playing prominent political roles in the Mughal empire?

A

emperor Jahangir content to let his wife Nur Jahan run the government
- Aurangzeb listened to his daughter’s political advice
- Shah Jahan’s devotion to his wife, Mumtaz Mahal, became world famous because of the Taj Mahal

87
Q

Mostly the Islamic empires relied on crops of ______ and _____ that had flourished for centuries in the lands they ruled.

A

wheat; rice

88
Q

The Columbian exchange strongly encouraged consumption of _______ and __________, especially in the Ottoman and Safavid empires.

A

coffee; tobacco

89
Q

What did religious leaders claim about coffee?

A

coffee was an illegal beverage and that it was worse to frequent a coffeehouse than a tavern

90
Q

How did moralists react to the popularity of coffeehouses in the Ottoman empire?

A

provoked protest as they worried these popular attractions were:
- dens of inequity that distracted habitués from their religious duties
- attracted crowds of idlers and riffraff

91
Q

Which sultan went so far as to outlaw coffee and tobacco, and to execute those who partake?

A

Sultan Murad IV
- eventually was a losing battle and both pastimes won widespread acceptance

92
Q

Despite many who questioned its legitimacy and use throughout society, how was the coffeehouse significant to the Islamic empires?

A

Coffeehouse became prominent social institution in the Islamic empires

93
Q

American food crops had ______ demographic effect in the Islamic empires than in other parts of the world.

A

less

94
Q

Population growth in India resulted more from what as opposed to influence of new crops?

A

intensive agriculture

95
Q

Why did the Ottoman numbers decline after 1600 and last until the late 1800s?

A

loss of territory, not so much a shrinking population

96
Q

Out of the three Islamic empires, which empireś population grew least rapidly?

A

Safavid

97
Q

For what two reasons did the Mughals not pay as much attention to foreign trade as the Ottomans and the Safavids?

A
  1. enormous size and productivity of the domestic Indian economy
  2. Mughal rulers concentrated on their land empire and had little interest in maritime affairs
98
Q

To whom did the Ottomans grant special trading concessions to cement alliances against common enemies in Spain and central Europe?

A

merchants from England and France

99
Q

What city became an emporium for foreign merchants and engaged primarily in the spice trade and served as local headquarters for the operations of the English Levant Company?

A

Aleppo

100
Q

How did Shah Abbas promote Isfahan as a commercial center?

A
  1. extending trading privileges to foreign merchants
  2. allowing Christian monastic orders to set up missions there to help create a favorable environment for trade
101
Q

Which companies traded actively with the Safavids?

A

English East India Company, French East India Company, and Dutch VOC

102
Q

How were the Mughals able to derive significant income from foreign trade?

A
  1. allowed creation of trading stations and merchant colonies by Portuguese, English, French, and Dutch merchants
  2. Indian merchants formed trading companies of their own
103
Q

What religions made up larger portions of the Ottoman empire?

A

Christians and Jews

104
Q

What religious communities were encompassed in the Safavid empire?

A

Zoroastrian and Jewish communities as well as Christian subjects

105
Q

What religions were prominent amongst the Mughal empire?

A

especially diverse: large portion of Hindus, Muslims, and smaller communities of Jains, Zoroastrians, Christians, and devotees of syncretic faiths like Sikhism

106
Q

What Portuguese city became the center of a Christian mission in India?

A

Goa

107
Q

How did priests at Goa, a Christian mission in India, seek to convert people to Christianity?

A

1 established schools that provided religious instruction for Indian children
2. Portuguese Jesuits traveled to Mughal court at Akbar’s invitation seeking to convert emperor to Christianity

108
Q

How did Akbar respond to the Portuguese Jesuits’ attempt at converting him to Christianity?

A

cordially invited their participation in religious and philosophical discussions, but declined to commit to an exclusive faith that he thought would alienate many of his subjects

109
Q

Akbar never explained his ideas of his “divine faith” systematically, but it is clear they drew most heavily on what religion?

A

Islam

110
Q

What were some characteristics of Akbar’s divine faith?

A
  • strictly monotheistic
  • reflected the influence of Shiite and Sufi teachings
  • glorified the emperor
  • tolerant of Hinduism
  • drew inspiration from Zoroastrianism in its effort to bridge the gaps between Mughal India’s many cultural and religious communities
111
Q

While Islamic rulers did not require conquered peoples to convert to Islam, what status did they extend these people to?

A

dhimmi (“protected people”)

112
Q

How did dhimmi communities work?

A

in return for their loyalty and payment of jizya, dhimmi communities retained personal freedom, kept their property, practiced their religion, and handled legal affairs

113
Q

What were the autonomous religious communities in the Ottoman empire that retained their civil laws, traditions, and languages?

A

millet
- millet communities usually assumed social and administrative functions in matters concerning birth, marriage, death, health, and education

114
Q

Where was the millet system impractical, and why?

A

Mughal empire; it was impractical because of its large number of religious communities

115
Q

Mughal rulers reserved the most powerful military and administrative postitions for _______, but in the day-to-day management of affairs, ________ and _______ cooperated closely.

A

Muslims; Muslims; Hindus

116
Q

How did Akbar integrate Muslim and Hindu elites, working to foster communication and understanding among the different religious communities of his realm?

A
  1. abolishing the jizya
  2. tolerating all faiths
  3. sponsoring discussions and debates between Muslims, Hindus, Jains, Zoroastrians, and Christians
117
Q

What did Muslims worry about religious tolerance?

A
  • worried they could lose religious identity
  • worried toleration might lead to their absorption into Hindu society as another caste
118
Q

How did Aurangzeb break from Akbar’s work to integrate Muslim and Hindu elites–his work on building religious tolerance throughout his empire?

A
  1. reinstated the Jizya
  2. promoted Islam as the official faith of Mughal India
119
Q

How did people react to Aurangzeb’s reinstatement of Islamic superiority throughout the Mughal empire?

A

policy satisfied zealous Muslims, at the cost of deep bitterness among his Hindu subjects

120
Q

At the heart of the Ottoman’s Constantinople, was what building?

A

Topkapi palace
- housed government offices, meeting places for imperial councils
- sultan’s residence

121
Q

Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent drew on whose architectural genius to create the most celebrated of all monuments of Istanbul?

A

Sinan Pasha (1489-1588)

122
Q

What did the architect Sinan Pasha build for Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent?

A

vast religious complex called Suleymaniye

123
Q

What city did Shah Abbas make his capital?

A

Isfahan

124
Q

How were Safavid palaces different from the sprawling Ottoman and Mughal palaces?

A
  • relatively small and emphasized natural settings with gardens and pools
  • much more open that Topkapi
125
Q

What is the name of the palace on the square in Isfahan?

A

Ali Qapu
- emphasized the the visibility and accessibility, qualities long esteemed in the Persian tradition of kingship

126
Q

How did Mughals regard the capital?

A

early Mughals regarded as wherever the ruler happened to camp, but came to sponsor urban development

127
Q

What cultural traditions did the Mughals blend in their architecture?

A

central Asian traditions with elements of Hindu architecture, built on large scale that left no doubt about their wealth and resources

128
Q

What was the Mughal city planned and constructed about Akbar that served as his capital from 1569 to 1585?

A

Fatehpur Sikri

129
Q

What did Akbar’s city of Fatehpur Sikri commemorate?

A
  • Akbar’s conquest of Gujarat
  • demonstrated Akbar’s strength and imperial ambitions through mint, records office, treasury, and audience hall
  • private residence and retreat for the ruler
  • dramatic display of Mughal piety and devotion
130
Q

How did Akbar’s city of Fatehpur Sikri display Mughal piety and devotion?

A
  • many buildings consciously incorporated Indian elements:
    supported by columns and decorations of stone elephants
131
Q

How many workers did Shah Jahan have toil for 18 years on the Taj Mahal?

A

20,000

132
Q

Why couldn’t Shah Jahan build a similar mausoleum to the Taj Mahal out of black marble for himself?

A

His son Aurangzeb deposed him before he could carry out the project, spent his last years confined to a small cell with a tiny window

133
Q

How did the Safavid empire come to an end?

A

1722 band of Afghan tribesmen blockaded Isfahan until inhabitants resorted to cannibalism, forced shah to abdicate, executed thousands of Safavid officials and members of royal family

134
Q

Strong and effective_________ _________ was essential to the Islamic empires, and Muslim theorists never tired of emphasizing the importance of rulers who were diligent, virtuous, and just.

A

central authority

135
Q

How did Ottomans seek to limit problems regarding incompetent rulers, suspicion and fighting members of their ruling houses? What was the drawback of this solution?

A

confining princes in the palace; princes had no opportunity to gain experience in government, exposed to plots and intrigues of the various factions maneuvering to bring a favorable candidate tot the throne (exposed to the unideal means used to bring favorable rulers to the throne)

136
Q

Who were Suleyman’s successor who taxed and spent so much that government officials deposed and murdered him?

A

Ibrahim the Crazy and Selim the Sot

137
Q

After the _____ century, weak rule increasingly provoked mutinies in the army, provincial revolts, political corruption, economic oppression, and insecurity throughout Ottoman realm.

A

17th

138
Q

Which group of people strongly opposed Muslim leaders’ influence on their empires, and their involvement in everyday lives and legal affairs of ordinary subjects?

A

The clerics:
- mistrusted the emperors’ interests in unconventional forms of Islam such as Sufism
- complained bitterly when women or subjects who were not Muslims played influential political roles
- protested any exercise of royal authority that contradicted Islamic law.

139
Q

What happened in the Wahhabi movement in Arabia?

A

religious students joined the Janissaires in revolt, denounced Ottomans as dangerous religious innovators who were unfit to rule
- fiercely protested construction of astronomical observatory
- forced closure of Ottoman printing press

140
Q

What religious tensions arose in the Safavid dynasty when the empire fell under the domination of the very Shiites they had supported?

A

Shiite leaders pressured the shahs to persecute Sunnis, non-Muslims, and even the sufis who had helped establish the dynasty

141
Q

What religious tensions arose in Mughal India during the 17th century?

A

conservative Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi (1564-1624) fearlessly rebuked Akbar for his policy of religious tolerance
- later Aurangzeb drew on Sirhindi’s ideas when requiring non-Muslims to pay poll tax and ordered destruction of Hindu temples
- inflamed tensions between various Sunni, Shiite, and Sufi branches of Islam, fueled animosity among Hindus and other Mughal subjects who were not Muslims

142
Q

The high cost of maintaining an expensive ________ and ______________ apparatus helped to bring about economic decline in the Islamic empires.

A

military; administrative

143
Q

When expansion slowed, ceased, or reversed, the Islamic empires faced the problem of what?

A

supporting their institutions with limited resources

144
Q

With their unproductive wars, the Ottomans tried to pay the Janissaries in ___________ ________ and immediately provoked a mutiny, as early as 1589.

A

debased coinage

145
Q

As expansion slowed and empires lost control over remote provinces, how did officials react/what short term measures did they resort to to provide immediate cash?

A
  1. raising taxes
  2. selling public offices
  3. accepting bribes
  4. resorting to simple extortion (obtaining money through force or threats)
146
Q

The Islamic empires also experienced military decline because they did not…?

A

seek actively to improve their military technologies

147
Q

None of the Islamic empires had a large __________ industry, so they had to reply on foreign suppliers.

A

armaments

148
Q

Islamic empires were still able to purchase European weapons and expertise, but their arsenals became increasingly dated since…?

A

they depended on technologies that European peoples had already replaced

149
Q

Who was an Ottoman admiral and cartographer who produced several large-scale maps a major navigational text?

A

Piri Reis

150
Q

Most Muslims remained largely oblivious to European cultural and technological developments because of what belief?

A

Muslim rulers and their Muslim subjects were confident of their superiority and believed that they had nothing to learn from Europeans

151
Q

______ refugees from Spain introduced the first printing presses to Anatolia in the late 15th century.

A

Jewish

152
Q

Ottoman authorities allowed printing presses to operate in major cities so long as they did not print books in what two languages?

A

Turkish or Arabic

153
Q

Printing did not become prominent in Indian society until the establishment of what in Bengal in the 18th century?

A

British colonial rule

154
Q

Aside from language bans, what else stood in the way of the printing press’s popularity in Islamic relams?

A
  • scholars and general readers alike simply preferred elegant handwritten books to cheaply produced printed works
  • especially if the book was the Quran
  • resistance to printing reflected concerns of conservative leaders and their readily available ideas
155
Q

Like the Ming, Qing, and Tokugawa rulers the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal emperors preferred political and social ________ to the risks that foreign cultural innovations might bring.

A

stability

ap world history yay (26 decks)

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