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chapter 17 Flashcards

nomadic empires and eurasian integration

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1
Q

Who was a goldsmith who lived during the early and middle decades of the thirteenth century?

A

Guillaume Boucher (from Paris and moved to Budapest, and captured by Mongols to be relocated)

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2
Q

What did Guillaume Boucher famously design?

A

A silver fountain in the form of a tree that carried wines and other drinks to the top of the tree and then dispensed them into silver bowls from which courtiers and guests filled their cups

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3
Q

Nomadic peoples of central Asia were________who kept herds of animals.

A

pastoralists

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4
Q

What were the large tents that nomadic pastoralists fashioned from wool?

A

yurts

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5
Q

What was the alcoholic drink prepared from fermented mare’s milk consumed by nomadic pastoralists?

A

kumiss

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6
Q

What environmental factors prompted nomadic lifestyle and limited the development of human societies in central Asia?

A

Arid climate, small-scale agriculture only possible when they found sources of water, and harvests not enough to sustain whole societies

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7
Q

What were the two social classes of nomadic society?

A

Elites and commoners

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8
Q

How did elite leaders acquire their position?

A

Nomadic “nobility” was a FLUID class; leaders passed status to heirs, but heirs could lose status, commoners could gain elite status by demonstrating courageous behavior, outstanding conduct, clever diplomats

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9
Q

The earliest religion of Turkish peoples revolved around_______.

A

shamans

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10
Q

What were shamans?

A

religious specialists who possessed supernatural powers, able to communicate with gods and nature spirits, bridge between the gods and their communities

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11
Q

What is the role of a khan?

A

Rarely ruled directly, rather ruled through leaders of allied tribes

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12
Q

What made nomadic warriors so successful in battle?

A
  • outstanding cavalry forces, superior equestrian skills since youth
  • shorter arrows that flew with deadly accuracy launched from the backs of galloping horses
  • warriors coordinated movements to outmaneuver and overwhelm opponents
  • able to beat a hasty retreat
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13
Q

Whom did the Abbasid caliph recognize as sultan in 1055?

A

Seljuq leader Tughril Beg

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14
Q

When did Seljuq forces inflict a devastating defeat on the Byzantine army at Manzikert and take the Byzantine emperor captive?

A

1071

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15
Q

The Turkish conquests of Persia, Anatolia, and India represented part of a larger expansive movement by________ _________.

A

noamdic peoples

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16
Q

From the mid-eighth to the mid-tenth century, Turkish peoples lived mostly on the borders of the________ ______.

A

Abbasid realm

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17
Q

By the mid-_________century, Seljuqs overshadowed the Abbasid caliphs.

A

11th

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18
Q

For most of their history, where did the nomadic Mongols live?

A

high steppe lands of eastern central Asia

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19
Q

Strong loyalties to_________ ______ made it difficult for the Mongols to organize a stable society on a large scale

A

kinship groups

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20
Q

About when was Temujin born?

A

1167 into a noble family, father= prominent warrior

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21
Q

How did Temujin rise to power?

A
  • mastered art of steppe diplomacy
  • made alliance with prominent Mongol clan leader in late 12th cent.
  • forging useful alliances (conquering rival contenders or turning against troublesome ally)
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22
Q

What does Chinggis Khan translate to?

A

“universal ruler”

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23
Q

How did Chinggis Khan modify tribal organization?

A
  • broke up tribes and forced men of fighting age to join new military units with no tribal affiliations
  • chose high military and political officials on basis of talents and loyalty to him vs kinship or tribal status
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24
Q

Where did Chinggis Khan’s subjects build the Mongol capital?

A

Karakorum

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25
Q

If enemies surrendered without resistance to the Mongols….

A

Mongols usually sparred their lives, provided generous treatment for artisans, crafts workers, and those with military skills

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26
Q

What did the Mongols rename the Jurchen capital when their captured it?

A

Khanbaliq (“city of the khan”), served as Mongol capital in China

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27
Q

Who was the Seljuq shah who ordered his officials to murder Chinggis Khan’s envoys and merchants?

A

Khwarazm shah

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28
Q

When did Chinggis Khan die?

A

1227

29
Q

Mongols were_____not administrators.

A

conquerors

30
Q

How did Chinggis Khan administrate his vast empire?

A

He assigned Mongol overlords to supervise local administrators and to extract a generous tribute for the Mongols’ uses

31
Q

Descendants of Chaghatai, one of Chinggis Khan’s sons, ruled the_________of Chaghatai in__________.

A

khanate, central Asia

32
Q

Persia fell under the authority of rulers known as

A

the ilkhans

33
Q

Which Mongol group dominated Russia?

A

Khans of the Golden Horde

34
Q

Who was Khubilai Khan?

A

One of Chinggis Khan’s grandsons, consolidated Mongol rule in China

35
Q

When did Khubilai Khan proclaim himself emperor and establish the Yuan dyansty?

A

1279

36
Q

Where was Khubilai Khan succcessful in extending Mongol rule?

A

Song dynasty in southern China

37
Q

Where was Khubilai Khan unsuccessful in his invasions?

A

Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, Java, and Japan—Mongol forces did not adapt well to the humid, tropical jungles of southeast Asia

38
Q

What does “kamikaze” translate to?

A

“divine winds”

39
Q

Mongols of the Golden Horde prized the steppes north of the ______ ____ as prime pastureland for their horses.

A

Black Sea

40
Q

How did the Golden Horde maintain its hegemony in Russia until the mid-fifteenth century?

A

They mounted raids into Russia, but didn’t occupy it, they extracted tribute from the Russian cities and agricultural provinces

41
Q

Who was Khubilai’s brother who toppled the Abbasid empire and established the Mongol ilkhanate of Persia?

A

Hulegu

42
Q

How did the Mongols rule/administer their realm in Persia?

A

Mongols and their allies occupied highest administrative positions, Mongols allowed Persians to administer ilkhanate as long as they delivered tax receipts and maintained order

43
Q

Were early Mongol rulers of Persia tolerant of all religions?

A

Oui, yes, tres bien

44
Q

In 1295, who publicly converted to Islam, causing most Mongols in Persia to follow along?

A

Ilkhan Ghazan

45
Q

Where did Nestorian Christians find new converts with the help of Mongol roads/trade routes?

A

China, where they went to serve the Mongols

46
Q

Whom did Lamaist Buddhism from Tibet attract?

A

the Mongols (for its emphasis on magic and supernatural powers, as well as legitimization of Mongol rulers as incarnations of the Buddha)

47
Q

Who were among the Mongols’ allies (whom the Mongols often recruited the services of and relocated)?

A

The Uighur Turks, Arab and Persian Muslims

48
Q

Mongols often took _________ of lands they conquered, partly to levy taxes and conscript military forces and partly to locate talented individuals.

A

censuses

49
Q

How did the Ilkhanate of Persia ultimately collapse?

A
  • excessive spending strained treasury, 1290s ilkhan attempted to issue paper money but policy was miserable failure and people disregarded–commerce ground to a halt
  • Death of Ilkhan Ghazan in 1304, slow decline
  • final Mongol ruler died without an heir in 1335, ilkhanate devolved to local levels
50
Q

How did the Yuan dynasty eventually collapse?

A
  • Did not maintain adequate reserves of bullion to back up paper notes, people lost confidence in paper money, prices rose sharply
  • factions and infighting, 1320s= power struggles, imperial assassinations, civil war
  • Bubonic plague broke out with Mongol military campaigns
  • Chinese subjects (whom the Mongols stood apart from for so long) rebelled, hotbed for peasant rebellion and banditry, 1368 rebel forces captured Khanbaliq and Mongols fled to steppes
51
Q

What Turkish Muslim states did Tamerlane’s empire influence?

A

Mughal empire in India, Safavid empire in Persia, and Ottoman empire in Anatolia

52
Q

Because he walked with a limp, contemporaries referred to Timur as…..?

A

Timur-i lang–“Timur the Lame”

53
Q

When and where was Tamerlane born?

A

About 1336 near Samarkand

54
Q

Tamerlane took special care to establish his authority in the _____ cities so that he could levy taxes on trade and agricultural production.

A

rich

55
Q

By the mid 1390s, Tamerlane had severely weakened what empire?

A

The Golden Horde in the Caucasus region and Russia

56
Q

When did Tamerlane subject Delhi to a ferocious sack?

A

last years of the 13th century

57
Q

After campaigning in southwest Asia and Anatolia, what empire did Tamerlane make preparations to invade next?

A

China

58
Q

When did Tamerlane fall ill and die?

A

1405

59
Q

What was a flaw to the way Tamerlane governed his empire?

A

He did not create an imperial administration but rather ruled through tribal leaders who were his allies—he appointed overlords in the territories he conquered but they relied on existing bureaucratic structures and simply received taxes and tributes on his behalf–empire was very loosely governed, left in the hands of other people

60
Q

What happened to Tamerlane’s Timurid empire after his death?

A
  • Tamerlane’s sons and grandsons engaged in bitter conflicts, resulting in the empire’s being split into four main regions
  • maintained control over region from Persia to Afghanistan
  • last parts of empire disappeared in early 16th century
61
Q

Where did the Ottoman Turks come from?

A

After Mongol conquest of Persia, nomadic Turks migrated from central Asia to ilkhanate and beyond to terrtiroies in Anatolia
- there, they followed charismatic leaders who organized further campaigns of conquest

62
Q

Who was the original leader of the Ottoman Turks?

A

Osman

63
Q

When did Osman declare independence from the Seljuq sultan, and launched a campaign to build a state at the expense of the Byzantine empire?

A

1299

64
Q

Where did the Ottomans establish a foothold to gain a considerable advantage over their Turkish rivals?

A

Across the Dardanelles at Gallipoli on the Balkan peninsula

65
Q

Why were the Ottomans so successful over Byzantine forces?

A

The Byzantines were suffering a period of political fragmentation, ineffective government, and exploitation of the peasantry, which resulted in abundant local support for the Ottomans

66
Q

How did Tamerlane temporarily delay Ottoman expansion?

A

In 1402 his forces crushed the Ottoman army, captured the sultan, and subjected the Ottoman state to the his authority–Ottomans had to rebuild and reestablish rule in their own realm

67
Q

Who captured the city of Constantinople in 1453 and brought an end to more than 1000 years of Byzantine rule?

A

Sultan Mehmed II

68
Q

What did Sultan Mehmed II rename Constantinople?

A

Istanbul

ap world history yay (26 decks)

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