chapter 29 Flashcards
the making of industrial society
What was a drawer’s job in a coal mine?
involved crawling down narrow mine shafts and hauling loads of coal from the bottom of the pit to the surface
- performed unskilled labor for low wages that was essential for the emergence of industrial production
For what three main reasons was machine production so important for industrialization?
- raised worker productivity
- encouraged economic specialization
- promoted the growth of large-scale enterprise
Who was Betty Harris?
a drawer in a coal pit near Manchester, England who was a voice against the unideal toil and work conditions of drawers and other female workers on coal mines/during the industrial era
What does the process of industrialization refer to?
A process that transformed agrarian and handicraft-centered economies into economies distinguished by industry and machine manufacture
= agrarian is in the past and machine manufacture and industry is the new thing
The need to invest in increasingly expensive _________ encouraged the formation of large _________.
equipment; businesses
Commercially sophisticated economies ran up against difficult _____________ obstacles–especially soil depletion and deforestation–.
ecological
Until the 18th century, what served as the primary source of fuel for iron production, home heating, and cooking?
Wood
What two factors about Great Britain built the promising framework for its industrialization amidst serious wood shortages?
- Europe’s largest coal deposits were in Great Britain
- Pools of skilled labor available
In the absence of easily accessible ______ _________, it was unlikely that the British economy could have supported an expanding iron production and the application of steam engines to mining and industry.
coal deposits
What was China’s most economically promising region in the 18th century?
Yangzi Delta
What are primary products?
raw materials extracted from the land or ocean
Almost ____-_______ of the proceeds from sugar exports paid for the importation of manufactured goods from Europe, including cheap cotton cloth for slaves to wear.
one-half
What three products were increasingly sent across the Atlantic to European destinations from the Americas?
grain, timber, and beef
In addition to access to coal deposits and the pool of readily available labor, what other factor contributed to Great Britain’s industrial breakthrough?
exploitation of overseas resources (slave trade, and efficient trans-Atlantic shipping provided Europe with more than enough raw materials needed to fuel their growing industries)
With what product did British industrial expansion start with?
Britain’s textiles–consumer demand encouraged a transformation of the British cotton industry
What were calicoes?
inexpensive, brightly painted textiles imported from India
What characteristics of cotton made it a more appealing material for clothing?
- lighter
- easier to wash
- quicker to dry than wool
What acts did British wool producers persuade Parliament to pass in order to protect the domestic wool industry while they were threatened by the popularity of cotton products?
the Calico Acts of 1720 and 1721
What did the Calico Acts of 1720 and 1721 do to the British cotton industry?
- prohibited imports of printed cotton cloth
- restricted the sale of calicoes at home
- passed another law requiring corpses to be buried in woolen shrouds
What Manchester mechanic invented the flying shuttle in 1733?
John Kay
What did John Kay’s flying shuttle device do?
speeded up the weaving process and stimulated demand for thread
Who built the “mule” device in 1779?
Samuel Crompton
- device adapted for steam power by 1790
- became device of choice for spinning cotton
Innovation in what part of the textile manufacturing process came first, spinning machines or thread/weaving?
spinning machines
- created an imbalance in manufacturing because weavers could not keep up with production of thread
Who was a clergyman that patented a water-driven power loom that inaugurated an era of mechanical weaving in 1785?
Edmund Cartwright
By 1830 how many people worked for Britain’s leading industry, the cotton business (it accounted for 40 percent of exports)?
half a million people
Who invented the general-purpose steam engine in 1765?
James Watt
- instrument maker at the University of Glasgow in Scotland
Steam engines burned ______ to boil water and create steam, which drove mechanical devices that performed work.
coal
James Watt’s steam engine was especially prominent in what industry in Great Britain?
textile industry
- application resulted in greater productivity for manufacturers and cheaper prices for consumers
How was James Watt’s steam engine more efficient than primitive steam engines that powered pumps that drew water out of coal mines?
relied on steam to force a piston to turn a wheel
- rotary motion converted simple pump into an engine that had multiple uses
What term did James Watt’s contemporaries use to measure the energy generated by his steam engine?
horsepower
What was coke used by British smelters as fuel to produce iron?
a purified form of coal
What were the advantages of using coke rather than charcoal?
- made it possible for producers to build bigger blast furnaces and turn out larger lots of iron
British _____ production skyrocketed during the 18th century, but the 19th century was an age of ____.
iron; steel
Who built a refined blast furnace that made it possible to produce steel cheaply and in large quantities in 1856?
Henry Bessemer, built the Bessemer converter
Who built the first steam-powered locomotive in 1815, after James Watt’s patent expired and inventors devised high-pressure engines that required less fuel?
George Stephenson
What was the downside to George Stephenson’s engines?
still burned too much coal for use at sea
_______ _____ remained the most effective means of transport over the seas until the middle of the 19th century, when refined engines of high efficiency began to drive steamships.
Sailing ships
For what main reason did steamships and railroads dramatically reduce transportation costs?
they had the capacity to carry huge cargoes
How were steamships more versatile than railroads or sailboats?
able to advance up rivers to points that sailboats could not reach because of inconvenient twists, turns, or winds
What manufacturing system was most prominent in early modern Europe, while it was still an emerging capitalist society?
putting-out system
What was the proindustrial system?
entrepreneurs in early modern Europe paid individuals to work on materials in their households to avoid guilt restrictions on prices and wages
Why did it become necessary to move work to locations where entrepreneurs and engineers built complicated machinery for large-scale production?
many of the newly developed machines were too large and expensive for home use
What did the factory system do?
Centralized production by bringing more workers doing specialized tasks together than ever before
What combination of factors provided a plentiful supply of cheap labor for factories?
- rural overpopulation
- declining job opportunities
- financial difficulties of small farmers who had to sell their land to large landowners
What form of rational organization of job functions did the factory system demand of?
division of labor!!
- each worker performed a single task, rather than a single worker who completed the entire job
Who was an Englishman with a wooden leg who owned a pottery plant and held his employees to high standards?
Josiah Wedgwood (1730-1795)
With the division of labor, what did factories enable managers to do to their employees?
- impose strict work discipline
- closely supervise employees
The factory system led to emergence of an _____ ______ whose capital financed equipment and machinery that were too expensive for workers to acquire.
owner class
Under the factory system, how was the worth of industrial workers depleted? How were they viewed by their employers?
- mere wage earners who had only their labor services to offer
- who depended on their employers for their livelihood
How were workers’ skills under the factory system valued compared to their skills as artisans?
broad-range skills acquired as artisans often became obsolete in a work environment that rewarded narrowly defined skills
- repetitive and boring nature of many industrial jobs left many workers alienated or estranged from their work and the products of their labor
With factory systems instead of rural labor systems, what dictated pace of work and work routines instead of the seasons and the setting of the sun?
clocks, machines, shop rules established new rhythms of work
Describe the conditions of industrial workers during their work day in factories.
- strict and immediate supervision
- keep pace with monotonous movements of machines
- pressured to speed up production, threatened by punishment when expectations not met
- constantly faced possibility of maiming or fatal accidents without methods of work or safety taken into account
Who were the groups of English handicraft workers who went on a rampage and destroyed textile machines that they blamed for their low wages and unemployment in 1811 and 1816?
Luddites
- enjoyed considerable popular support because they avoided violence against people
- 14 Luddites hanged in 1813, and government served notice that it was unwilling to tolerate violence, even against machines
Where did the Luddite movement break out and spread?
broke out in the hosiery and lace industries around Nottingham and spread to the wool and cotton mills of Lancashire
For half a century, where did industrialization only take place in Europe? Aware of this notion, what did they do to isolate industrialization in their country only?
GREAT BRITAIN
- British entrepreneurs and government officials forbade the export of machinery, manufacturing techniques and skilled workers
