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BIOL 112 > Chapter 35 > Flashcards

Chapter 35 Flashcards

1
Q

2 Divisions of Nervous Systems

A

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

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2
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves that gather info from sensors and conduct decisions to effectors. Lies outside the CNS

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4
Q

3 main functions of nervous system

A

1) Receiving sensory input - afferent: going into CNS

2) Performing integration

3) Generating motor output - efferent: going away from CNS

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5
Q

Neuron Vs Nerve

A

Neuron: a single cell that transfers information within the body

Nerve: thousands of neurons

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6
Q

What is a simple cluster of neurons? What is a complex one?

A

A ganglia, a brain

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7
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

(Plural version on ganglia) It is often times referred to as a group of cell somas outside the CNS

They are what process the information

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8
Q

What’s a soma?

A

Body of the neuron

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9
Q

Two types of brain signals

A

Electrical signals (long distance) and chemical signals (short distance)

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10
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

A chemical messenger that a synaptic terminal of an axon uses to pass information across the synapse

MUST BIND TO A RECEPTOR TO HAVE AN EFFECT!

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11
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The junction between an axon and another cell

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12
Q

Neurotransmitters are the signaling molecule from one neuron to …?

A

Another neuron, muscle, or gland

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

How can the same molecule have different effects on the body?

A

Because it binds to different receptors which means it lets in different ions

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15
Q

What is a presynaptic cell Vs a postsynaptic cell?

A

Information is transmitted from a PRESYNAPTIC cell (a neuron) to a POSTSYNAPTIC cell like a neuron, muscle, or gland

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16
Q

Most neurons are nourished or insulated by cells called _____

A

glia/glial cells

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17
Q

T/F: Brain cancer affects the neurons in your brain

A

FALSE: Neurons are amitotic, meaning they don’t divide. GLIAL cells are mitotic, so they are able to divide, so if someone has a tumor growing in their brain it’s made of glial cells not neurons

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18
Q

What happens to sensory information after it is sent to the brain?

A

Interneurons integrate the information

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19
Q

Resting membrane potential (RMP)

A

A voltage/difference in electrical charge across the plasma membrane of a cell (usually a cell will be more negative than its environment) that is NOT sending signals

This can be found in ALL 4 TISUES

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20
Q

A neuron at RMP has a higher K+ concentration ______ the cell and a higher Na+ ______ the cell.

A

Inside, outside (it’s more negative inside than outside)

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21
Q

2 Integral Proteins that create a resting membrane potential (RMP) in a cell

A

1) Na+/K+ pump

2) Slow Leak K+ channel

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22
Q

Potassium wants to _____ the cell while Sodium wants to _____ the cell

A

Exit, enter

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23
Q

What is physiology?

A

The movement of ions that causes proteins to change configuration (change form, change function)

24
Q

The opening of ion channels in the plasma membrane does what?

A

Converts chemical potential to electrical potential

25
Q

T/F: There can be bigger or smaller Action Potentials

A

FALSE: there is only more or fewer, there is no such thing as Action Potentials have a “size” or “amount”

26
Q

Depolarization Vs Repolarization

A

Depolarization is when Na+ is going INTO the cell and it’s RMP is becoming more positive

Repolarization is when K+ is going OUT of the cell and the RMP is going back to being more negative

27
Q

What role does voltage gated ion channels have in action potential?

A

They open and close (letting in either K+ or Na+) depending on the RMP voltage and this creates the Action Potential

28
Q

How does a tissue become hyper polarized and what are the effects?

A

When a cell/tissue is more (-) than it’s Resting potential which is usually around -70. When this happens the tissue becomes inactive since it is getting further and further away from Threshold

29
Q

When does action potential start?

A

At threshold (usually -55)

30
Q

Basic order of events on how action potential is generated

A

1) Voltage gated Na+ channels open first and Na+ flows into the cell

2) the RMP starts to increase (rise) and the threshold is crossed

3) when the RMP starts to go back down the voltage gated Na+ close and the K+ channels open and K+ begins to flow out of the cell

31
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

The time it takes for gates to reset after an action potential, during this time a second AP cannot be initiated and might need a strong stimulus

32
Q

What direction do action potentials travel?

A

Toward the synaptic terminals

33
Q

Where is the action potential usually generated?

A

The axonal hillock (where the axon hits the stoma)

Nodes of Ranvier..?

34
Q
A
35
Q

What is a myelin sheath and and what is it made from?

A

A myelin sheath is a sheath around an axon that increases the neuron’s conductance velocity which increases an action potential’s speed.

The action potential jumps from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier in a process called Salatory Conduction

36
Q

What does an action potential trigger?

A

The release of neurotransmitters to diffuse across the synaptic cleft and to be received by the postsynaptic cell

37
Q

2 types of Postsynaptic potentials

A

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSPs): Depolarizations that bring the membrane potential closer to threshold

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (IPSPs): Hyperpolarizations that move the membrane potential farther from threshold

38
Q

When does an action potential end?

A

When it reaches the end of the axon

39
Q

What 3 ways are neurotransmitters in the synapse removed?

A

1) Simple diffusion

2) Inactivation by enzymes

3) Reuptake into the presynaptic neuron, which is done by neurotransmitter reuptake proteins

40
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Common neurotransmitter in vertebrates and invertebrates, aids in muscle stimulation, memory formation, and learning

2 types of acetylcholine receptors:
1) ligand gated
2) metabotropic

41
Q

What are some toxins that disrupt acetylcholine neurotransmission?

A

Nerve gas, sarin (which is an irreversible AcH competitive inhibitor), and a certain botulism toxin produced by certain bacteria

42
Q

5 types of major neurotransmitters

A

1) Acetylcholine
2) Amino Acids
3) Biogenic Amines
4) Neuropeptides
5) Gases

43
Q

4 Types of Glial Cells

A

1) Astrocytes
2) Schwann Cells
3) Oligodendrocytes
4) Ependymal Cells

44
Q

Astrocytes

A

Act as neural glue by maintaining blood brain barrier and restricting unwanted substances into brain

45
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

myelinate CNS neurons

46
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Myelinate PNS neurons

47
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Make cerebrospinal fluid

48
Q

Radial glial cells and Astrocytes can both act as ____

A

Stem cells: cells that can turn into many different types of cells in the body

49
Q

The brain has a _____ and _____ that fill up with _______

A

Canal, ventricles, Cerebral Spinal fluid

50
Q

Grey Vs white matter

A

Gray matter: consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons (outside of brain)

White matter: consists of bundles of myelinated axons (outside of spinal cord)

51
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves and cranial nerves do humans have?

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves

12 pairs of cranial nerves

52
Q

Two types of motor components of PNS

A

1) Somatic Motor System: Carrie’s signals to skeletal muscles and is voluntary

2) Autonomic Nervous System: regulated smooth and cardiac muscles and is involuntary

53
Q

2 divisions of autonomic nervous system

A

1) Parasympathetic division: promotes calming and a return to “rest and digest” functions

2) Sympathetic division: regulates arousal and energy generation (fight or flight)

54
Q

Vagus Nerve/ Cranial Nerve

A

A nerve that goes all over the body. It is parasympathetic to the heart (it slows heart rate)

55
Q

How do opiates work?

A

They hyperpolarize pain centers in the central nervous system and make them inactive so you don’t feel the pain

56
Q

How do local anesthetics work?

A

They block the voltage gated Na channel, so there is no depolarization

BIOL 112 (14 decks)

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