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BIOL 112 > Chapter 35 > Flashcards

Chapter 35 Flashcards

1
Q

2 Divisions of Nervous Systems

A

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

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2
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves that gather info from sensors and conduct decisions to effectors. Lies outside the CNS

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4
Q

3 main functions of nervous system

A

1) Receiving sensory input - afferent: going into CNS

2) Performing integration

3) Generating motor output - efferent: going away from CNS

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5
Q

Neuron Vs Nerve

A

Neuron: a single cell that transfers information within the body

Nerve: thousands of neurons

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6
Q

What is a simple cluster of neurons? What is a complex one?

A

A ganglia, a brain

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7
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

(Plural version on ganglia) It is often times referred to as a group of cell somas outside the CNS

They are what process the information

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8
Q

What’s a soma?

A

Body of the neuron

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9
Q

Two types of brain signals

A

Electrical signals (long distance) and chemical signals (short distance)

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10
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

A chemical messenger that a synaptic terminal of an axon uses to pass information across the synapse

MUST BIND TO A RECEPTOR TO HAVE AN EFFECT!

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11
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The junction between an axon and another cell

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12
Q

Neurotransmitters are the signaling molecule from one neuron to …?

A

Another neuron, muscle, or gland

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

How can the same molecule have different effects on the body?

A

Because it binds to different receptors which means it lets in different ions

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15
Q

What is a presynaptic cell Vs a postsynaptic cell?

A

Information is transmitted from a PRESYNAPTIC cell (a neuron) to a POSTSYNAPTIC cell like a neuron, muscle, or gland

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16
Q

Most neurons are nourished or insulated by cells called _____

A

glia/glial cells

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17
Q

T/F: Brain cancer affects the neurons in your brain

A

FALSE: Neurons are amitotic, meaning they don’t divide. GLIAL cells are mitotic, so they are able to divide, so if someone has a tumor growing in their brain it’s made of glial cells not neurons

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18
Q

What happens to sensory information after it is sent to the brain?

A

Interneurons integrate the information

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19
Q

Resting membrane potential (RMP)

A

A voltage/difference in electrical charge across the plasma membrane of a cell (usually a cell will be more negative than its environment) that is NOT sending signals

This can be found in ALL 4 TISUES

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20
Q

A neuron at RMP has a higher K+ concentration ______ the cell and a higher Na+ ______ the cell.

A

Inside, outside (it’s more negative inside than outside)

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21
Q

2 Integral Proteins that create a resting membrane potential (RMP) in a cell

A

1) Na+/K+ pump

2) Slow Leak K+ channel

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22
Q

Potassium wants to _____ the cell while Sodium wants to _____ the cell

A

Exit, enter

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23
Q

What is physiology?

A

The movement of ions that causes proteins to change configuration (change form, change function)

24
Q

The opening of ion channels in the plasma membrane does what?

A

Converts chemical potential to electrical potential

25
T/F: There can be bigger or smaller Action Potentials
FALSE: there is only more or fewer, there is no such thing as Action Potentials have a “size” or “amount”
26
Depolarization Vs Repolarization
Depolarization is when Na+ is going INTO the cell and it’s RMP is becoming more positive Repolarization is when K+ is going OUT of the cell and the RMP is going back to being more negative
27
What role does voltage gated ion channels have in action potential?
They open and close (letting in either K+ or Na+) depending on the RMP voltage and this creates the Action Potential
28
How does a tissue become hyper polarized and what are the effects?
When a cell/tissue is more (-) than it’s Resting potential which is usually around -70. When this happens the tissue becomes inactive since it is getting further and further away from Threshold
29
When does action potential start?
At threshold (usually -55)
30
Basic order of events on how action potential is generated
1) Voltage gated Na+ channels open first and Na+ flows into the cell 2) the RMP starts to increase (rise) and the threshold is crossed 3) when the RMP starts to go back down the voltage gated Na+ close and the K+ channels open and K+ begins to flow out of the cell
31
What is the refractory period?
The time it takes for gates to reset after an action potential, during this time a second AP cannot be initiated and might need a strong stimulus
32
What direction do action potentials travel?
Toward the synaptic terminals
33
Where is the action potential usually generated?
The axonal hillock (where the axon hits the stoma) Nodes of Ranvier..?
34
35
What is a myelin sheath and and what is it made from?
A myelin sheath is a sheath around an axon that increases the neuron’s conductance velocity which increases an action potential’s speed. The action potential jumps from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier in a process called Salatory Conduction
36
What does an action potential trigger?
The release of neurotransmitters to diffuse across the synaptic cleft and to be received by the postsynaptic cell
37
2 types of Postsynaptic potentials
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSPs): Depolarizations that bring the membrane potential closer to threshold Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials (IPSPs): Hyperpolarizations that move the membrane potential farther from threshold
38
When does an action potential end?
When it reaches the end of the axon
39
What 3 ways are neurotransmitters in the synapse removed?
1) Simple diffusion 2) Inactivation by enzymes 3) Reuptake into the presynaptic neuron, which is done by neurotransmitter reuptake proteins
40
Acetylcholine
Common neurotransmitter in vertebrates and invertebrates, aids in muscle stimulation, memory formation, and learning 2 types of acetylcholine receptors: 1) ligand gated 2) metabotropic
41
What are some toxins that disrupt acetylcholine neurotransmission?
Nerve gas, sarin (which is an irreversible AcH competitive inhibitor), and a certain botulism toxin produced by certain bacteria
42
5 types of major neurotransmitters
1) Acetylcholine 2) Amino Acids 3) Biogenic Amines 4) Neuropeptides 5) Gases
43
4 Types of Glial Cells
1) Astrocytes 2) Schwann Cells 3) Oligodendrocytes 4) Ependymal Cells
44
Astrocytes
Act as neural glue by maintaining blood brain barrier and restricting unwanted substances into brain
45
Oligodendrocytes
myelinate CNS neurons
46
Schwann Cells
Myelinate PNS neurons
47
Ependymal Cells
Make cerebrospinal fluid
48
Radial glial cells and Astrocytes can both act as ____
Stem cells: cells that can turn into many different types of cells in the body
49
The brain has a _____ and _____ that fill up with _______
Canal, ventricles, Cerebral Spinal fluid
50
Grey Vs white matter
Gray matter: consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons (outside of brain) White matter: consists of bundles of myelinated axons (outside of spinal cord)
51
How many pairs of spinal nerves and cranial nerves do humans have?
31 pairs of spinal nerves 12 pairs of cranial nerves
52
Two types of motor components of PNS
1) Somatic Motor System: Carrie’s signals to skeletal muscles and is voluntary 2) Autonomic Nervous System: regulated smooth and cardiac muscles and is involuntary
53
2 divisions of autonomic nervous system
1) Parasympathetic division: promotes calming and a return to “rest and digest” functions 2) Sympathetic division: regulates arousal and energy generation (fight or flight)
54
Vagus Nerve/ Cranial Nerve
A nerve that goes all over the body. It is parasympathetic to the heart (it slows heart rate)
55
How do opiates work?
They hyperpolarize pain centers in the central nervous system and make them inactive so you don’t feel the pain
56
How do local anesthetics work?
They block the voltage gated Na channel, so there is no depolarization

BIOL 112 (14 decks)

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