Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 112 > Chapter 28 > Flashcards

Chapter 28 Flashcards

1
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Placazoa

A

A basal form of invertebrates. They are the simplest in structure of all the Metazoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Phylum Ctenophora

A

Comb jellies

Don’t have cnidocytes like cnidarians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Phylum Lophotrochozoa

A

Has the widest range of animal forms!! Some have a lophophore which is a crown of tentacles used to feed. Some have a trochophore larva stage where they are free swimming using cilia. SOME HAVE NEITHER!!
Clade includes…

1) Platyhelminthes
2) Rotifera
3) Ectoprocta
4) Brachiopoda
5) Mollusca
6) Annelida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

Flatworms

1) Planarians
2) Flukes
3) Tapeworms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Rotifera

A

Microscopic pseudocoelomate animals that help decompose. They are an important part of the freshwater zooplankton, being a major food source and major decomposer of soil organic matter

They reproduce through parthenogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Ectoprocta

A

Filter feeders that use a retractable lophophore with a crown of tentacles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Branchiopoda

A

Looks like a Mollusca but is not. Most attach to substrate with their stalk like pedicle. Have lophophore inside “mouth”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mollusca

A

Second largest animal phylum besides Arthropoda. They have a MANTLE (which sheds their shell), a MUSCULAR FOOT (which helps them move around) and a VISCERAL MASS (where their organs are)

They have an open circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Annelida

A

Segmented worms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Can animals engage in decomposition?

A

YES!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does Planktonic mean?

A

It’s any organism that can’t move against the water current and is at the mercy of wherever it takes them. Isn’t only microscopic!! Jellyfish are planktonic!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Phylum Porifera

A

Sea Sponges! Simplest of all the animals, have no true tissues and asymmetrical. This also makes them the ideal basil outgroup

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do sponges eat?

A

Choanocyte cells inside their column
use their flagella to generate a water current for them to ingest suspended food

Amoebocytes are found in their mesophyl and help with digestion and their structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Most sponges are ______

A

Hermaphrodites. They function as both male and female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a totipotent cell?

A

An undifferentiated cell that is capable of becoming other types of cells. Sponges have these and can quickly adapt to their environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What can sponges produce?

A

Anticancer and antibiotic compounds (ex. Cibriostatin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How can sponges reproduce?

A

Asexually (through budding) or Sexually (they release both the egg and sperm into the water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Phylum Cnidaria

A

Diploblastic, radial, Metazoans. They have a single opening for a mouth and anus

Reproduce asexually through budding and sexually by releasing gametes into the water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Two body plans of Cnidarians

A

Polyp: Attached to substrate with its mouth in the air (sessile)

Medusa: bell shaped body with its mouth on the underside (motile)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do cnidarians sting?

A

Cnidocytes: stinging cells on their tentacles which are unique to only cnidarians (autapomorphic trait)

Nematocysts: pecialized organelles inside cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which cnidarians produce medusas?

A

Scyphozoans (jellies)
Cubozoans (box jellies)
Hydrozoans (hydra and Portuguese Man-of-War)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is unique about hydra?

A

They exist only in polyp form and reproduce asexually by budding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What group of Cnidarians ONLY occur as polyps?

A

Anthozoans

This includes sea anemones and coral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Why are box jellies so dangerous?
Their venom deteriorates cardio vascular tissue and causes cardiac arrest
26
What are flame cells?
Excretory structures found in Platyhelminthes, Rotifers, some Annelids. Flame cells remove waste materials in the same way that a kidney does. Helps with osmoregulation
27
What is cephalization and where do we first see this arise?
The concentration of sense organs, nervous control, etc. at the front end of the body forming a head and brain Platyhelminthes
28
What are lophotrochozoa and ecdysozoa?
Sister taxa
29
What is protonephridia?
Protonephridia is an excretory tube that is found in Platyhelminthes, Rotifers, and some Chordates. The end of the tubule has solenocytes (flagellated) or flame cells (ciliated) that help in osmoregulation.
30
What are some ways in the natural world to increase surface area?
31
How do Planarians reproduce asexually?
Fragmentation: Splits off a part of its body and that part grows into a new worm Binary Fission: it constricts its body until it separates into two and then each one grows back the missing parts Parthenogenesis: Budding:
32
Downside to asexual reproduction
The more a species engages in asexual reproduction, the greater the chance that a mutation will negatively effect them in the long run. It limits genetic diversity but is great for procreating in large numbers fast
33
How are trematodes so proficient at parasitizing humans?
They produce surface proteins that mimic the hosts (they can hide from their immune system)
34
What are the 3 most common parasitic infestations in humans?
1) Malaria 2) Schistosomiasis 3)
35
Trematode- Schistosoma mansoni
36
What are tapeworms?
Parasites that only infect vertebrates and lack a digestive system (why need one when your host can do it for you?) They have a SCOLEX which contains suckers and hooks to attach to host They have PROGLOTTIDS that are units that contain their sex organs
37
What do Rotifers have?
A alimentary canal, a digestive tube with separate mouth and anus
38
What type of Mollusca does NOT have an open circulatory system?
Cephalopods (squids and octopi)
39
What do snails use to scape algae off rocks?
Radula
40
What are some of the osmoregulatory structures we’ve discussed so far?
Flame cells Protonephridia Metanephridium
41
What do Mollusca use for their osmoregulatory structure?
Metanephridium
42
Chitin Vs Chiton
43
How do Gastropoda move?
By a rippling motion with their foot or by cilia
44
How do Bivalves like clams or oysters close their shells?
Their shells are split into two halves and are drawn together by adductor muscles
45
What do “eyes” in certain primitive animals really sense?
Electromagnetic radiation
46
What are gills used for?
Feeding and gas exchange
47
What do animals use mucus for in the natural world?
To trap prey or ward off predators
48
Cephalopods
Carnivores with beak like jaws surrounded by tentacles
49
Closed Vs Open Circulatory System
Closed circulatory system means that blood is contained within blood vessels. Open circulatory system means that the blood is not contained writhing blood vessels and bathes the organs and tissues directly
50
What are parapodia?
Ridge like structures on side of body
51
What are some benefits of having a coelom?
- helps movement in organs and circulatory stem - provides motility to the body - helps form digestive tract - helps form exoskeleton
52
What is unique of Ecdysozoans?
They mult!! (Called a cuticle or ecdysis)
53
What is included in Ecdysozoa?
Arthropods and Nematodes
54
Phylum Nematoda
Round worms
55
What are arthropod’s exoskeletons (cuticle) made out of?
Chitin
56
What is special evolutionarily about arthropods?
We start to see a decrease in number of segments and an increase in appendage specialization
57
What are chelicerae?
Modified first pair of appendages (usually mouth parts or fangs)
58
What makes horseshoe crab blood blue?
Hemocyanin
59
What group includes spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites?
Arachnids
60
What is a common cause of asthma and allergy symptoms?
Mites releasing histamines into the air
61
Where does gas exchange in spiders occur?
In their book lungs
62
Difference between millipedes Vs centipedes
Centipede have 1 set of legs per segment while millipedes have 2
63
What is the covering of crustaceans called?
A carapace
64
How do crustaceans preform gas exchange?
Smaller ones can through their cuticles and larger ones have gills
65
Example of a terrestrial isopod
Roly-Poly aka Pill bug
66
What subphylum are insects?
Hexapoda
67
What do insects use for osmoregulation?
Malphigian Tubules
68
Compare and Contrast Protonephridia, Metanephridium, and Malphigian Tubules
Protonephridia: Platyhelminthes and Rotifers, excretory tube with flame cells Metanephridium: Mollusca Annelids and Arthropoda Malphigian Tubules: Insects
69
Insect wings are the extension of the ______.
Cuticle
70
Insects are split into what 3 groups?
Archaeognatha (bristletails) Zygentoma (silverfish) Winged Insects
71
Winged Insects
72
Platyhelminthes Vs Annelida Vs Nematoda
Platyhelminthes: Flatworms Nematoda: Round Worms Annelida: Segmented Worms

BIOL 112 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions