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BIOL 112 > Chapter 28 > Flashcards

Chapter 28 Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

Placazoa

A

A basal form of invertebrates. They are the simplest in structure of all the Metazoa

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3
Q

Phylum Ctenophora

A

Comb jellies

Don’t have cnidocytes like cnidarians

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4
Q

Phylum Lophotrochozoa

A

Has the widest range of animal forms!! Some have a lophophore which is a crown of tentacles used to feed. Some have a trochophore larva stage where they are free swimming using cilia. SOME HAVE NEITHER!!
Clade includes…

1) Platyhelminthes
2) Rotifera
3) Ectoprocta
4) Brachiopoda
5) Mollusca
6) Annelida

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5
Q

Platyhelminthes

A

Flatworms

1) Planarians
2) Flukes
3) Tapeworms

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6
Q

Rotifera

A

Microscopic pseudocoelomate animals that help decompose. They are an important part of the freshwater zooplankton, being a major food source and major decomposer of soil organic matter

They reproduce through parthenogenesis

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7
Q

Ectoprocta

A

Filter feeders that use a retractable lophophore with a crown of tentacles

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8
Q

Branchiopoda

A

Looks like a Mollusca but is not. Most attach to substrate with their stalk like pedicle. Have lophophore inside “mouth”

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9
Q

Mollusca

A

Second largest animal phylum besides Arthropoda. They have a MANTLE (which sheds their shell), a MUSCULAR FOOT (which helps them move around) and a VISCERAL MASS (where their organs are)

They have an open circulatory system

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10
Q

Annelida

A

Segmented worms

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11
Q

Can animals engage in decomposition?

A

YES!!

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12
Q

What does Planktonic mean?

A

It’s any organism that can’t move against the water current and is at the mercy of wherever it takes them. Isn’t only microscopic!! Jellyfish are planktonic!!

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13
Q

Phylum Porifera

A

Sea Sponges! Simplest of all the animals, have no true tissues and asymmetrical. This also makes them the ideal basil outgroup

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14
Q

How do sponges eat?

A

Choanocyte cells inside their column
use their flagella to generate a water current for them to ingest suspended food

Amoebocytes are found in their mesophyl and help with digestion and their structure

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15
Q

Most sponges are ______

A

Hermaphrodites. They function as both male and female

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16
Q

What is a totipotent cell?

A

An undifferentiated cell that is capable of becoming other types of cells. Sponges have these and can quickly adapt to their environment

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17
Q

What can sponges produce?

A

Anticancer and antibiotic compounds (ex. Cibriostatin)

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18
Q

How can sponges reproduce?

A

Asexually (through budding) or Sexually (they release both the egg and sperm into the water)

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19
Q

Phylum Cnidaria

A

Diploblastic, radial, Metazoans. They have a single opening for a mouth and anus

Reproduce asexually through budding and sexually by releasing gametes into the water

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20
Q

Two body plans of Cnidarians

A

Polyp: Attached to substrate with its mouth in the air (sessile)

Medusa: bell shaped body with its mouth on the underside (motile)

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21
Q

How do cnidarians sting?

A

Cnidocytes: stinging cells on their tentacles which are unique to only cnidarians (autapomorphic trait)

Nematocysts: pecialized organelles inside cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread

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22
Q

Which cnidarians produce medusas?

A

Scyphozoans (jellies)
Cubozoans (box jellies)
Hydrozoans (hydra and Portuguese Man-of-War)

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23
Q

What is unique about hydra?

A

They exist only in polyp form and reproduce asexually by budding

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24
Q

What group of Cnidarians ONLY occur as polyps?

A

Anthozoans

This includes sea anemones and coral

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25
Q

Why are box jellies so dangerous?

A

Their venom deteriorates cardio vascular tissue and causes cardiac arrest

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26
Q

What are flame cells?

A

Excretory structures found in Platyhelminthes, Rotifers, some Annelids. Flame cells remove waste materials in the same way that a kidney does. Helps with osmoregulation

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27
Q

What is cephalization and where do we first see this arise?

A

The concentration of sense organs, nervous control, etc. at the front end of the body forming a head and brain

Platyhelminthes

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28
Q

What are lophotrochozoa and ecdysozoa?

A

Sister taxa

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29
Q

What is protonephridia?

A

Protonephridia is an excretory tube that is found in Platyhelminthes, Rotifers, and some Chordates. The end of the tubule has solenocytes (flagellated) or flame cells (ciliated) that help in osmoregulation.

30
Q

What are some ways in the natural world to increase surface area?

A
31
Q

How do Planarians reproduce asexually?

A

Fragmentation: Splits off a part of its body and that part grows into a new worm

Binary Fission: it constricts its body until it separates into two and then each one grows back the missing parts

Parthenogenesis:

Budding:

32
Q

Downside to asexual reproduction

A

The more a species engages in asexual reproduction, the greater the chance that a mutation will negatively effect them in the long run.

It limits genetic diversity but is great for procreating in large numbers fast

33
Q

How are trematodes so proficient at parasitizing humans?

A

They produce surface proteins that mimic the hosts (they can hide from their immune system)

34
Q

What are the 3 most common parasitic infestations in humans?

A

1) Malaria
2) Schistosomiasis
3)

35
Q

Trematode- Schistosoma mansoni

A
36
Q

What are tapeworms?

A

Parasites that only infect vertebrates and lack a digestive system (why need one when your host can do it for you?)

They have a SCOLEX which contains suckers and hooks to attach to host

They have PROGLOTTIDS that are units that contain their sex organs

37
Q

What do Rotifers have?

A

A alimentary canal, a digestive tube with separate mouth and anus

38
Q

What type of Mollusca does NOT have an open circulatory system?

A

Cephalopods (squids and octopi)

39
Q

What do snails use to scape algae off rocks?

A

Radula

40
Q

What are some of the osmoregulatory structures we’ve discussed so far?

A

Flame cells
Protonephridia
Metanephridium

41
Q

What do Mollusca use for their osmoregulatory structure?

A

Metanephridium

42
Q

Chitin Vs Chiton

A
43
Q

How do Gastropoda move?

A

By a rippling motion with their foot or by cilia

44
Q

How do Bivalves like clams or oysters close their shells?

A

Their shells are split into two halves and are drawn together by adductor muscles

45
Q

What do “eyes” in certain primitive animals really sense?

A

Electromagnetic radiation

46
Q

What are gills used for?

A

Feeding and gas exchange

47
Q

What do animals use mucus for in the natural world?

A

To trap prey or ward off predators

48
Q

Cephalopods

A

Carnivores with beak like jaws surrounded by tentacles

49
Q

Closed Vs Open Circulatory System

A

Closed circulatory system means that blood is contained within blood vessels.

Open circulatory system means that the blood is not contained writhing blood vessels and bathes the organs and tissues directly

50
Q

What are parapodia?

A

Ridge like structures on side of body

51
Q

What are some benefits of having a coelom?

A
  • helps movement in organs and circulatory stem
  • provides motility to the body
  • helps form digestive tract
  • helps form exoskeleton
52
Q

What is unique of Ecdysozoans?

A

They mult!! (Called a cuticle or ecdysis)

53
Q

What is included in Ecdysozoa?

A

Arthropods and Nematodes

54
Q

Phylum Nematoda

A

Round worms

55
Q

What are arthropod’s exoskeletons (cuticle) made out of?

A

Chitin

56
Q

What is special evolutionarily about arthropods?

A

We start to see a decrease in number of segments and an increase in appendage specialization

57
Q

What are chelicerae?

A

Modified first pair of appendages (usually mouth parts or fangs)

58
Q

What makes horseshoe crab blood blue?

A

Hemocyanin

59
Q

What group includes spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites?

A

Arachnids

60
Q

What is a common cause of asthma and allergy symptoms?

A

Mites releasing histamines into the air

61
Q

Where does gas exchange in spiders occur?

A

In their book lungs

62
Q

Difference between millipedes Vs centipedes

A

Centipede have 1 set of legs per segment while millipedes have 2

63
Q

What is the covering of crustaceans called?

A

A carapace

64
Q

How do crustaceans preform gas exchange?

A

Smaller ones can through their cuticles and larger ones have gills

65
Q

Example of a terrestrial isopod

A

Roly-Poly aka Pill bug

66
Q

What subphylum are insects?

A

Hexapoda

67
Q

What do insects use for osmoregulation?

A

Malphigian Tubules

68
Q

Compare and Contrast Protonephridia, Metanephridium, and Malphigian Tubules

A

Protonephridia: Platyhelminthes and Rotifers, excretory tube with flame cells

Metanephridium: Mollusca Annelids and Arthropoda

Malphigian Tubules: Insects

69
Q

Insect wings are the extension of the ______.

A

Cuticle

70
Q

Insects are split into what 3 groups?

A

Archaeognatha (bristletails)

Zygentoma (silverfish)

Winged Insects

71
Q

Winged Insects

A
72
Q

Platyhelminthes Vs Annelida Vs Nematoda

A

Platyhelminthes: Flatworms

Nematoda: Round Worms

Annelida: Segmented Worms

BIOL 112 (14 decks)

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