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BIOL 112 > Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Chapter 27 Flashcards

1
Q

4 types of complex tissue in animals

A

1) epithelial
2) connective
3) muscle
4) nervous

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2
Q

How do animals obtain energy?

A

Through heterotrophy: obtaining energy and organic molecules by ingesting other organisms

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3
Q

What are the two types of development an organism can go through?

A

Incomplete metamorphosis or complete metamorphosis

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4
Q

Complete Metamorphosis Vs Incomplete Metamorphosis

A

Complete is where the organism COMPLETELY changes it’s form. Incomplete is where it is just continuing to grow and mature but remains relatively the same

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5
Q

Morphology of an animal is determined by ______

A

Developmental cues

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6
Q

What do complex tissues lack?

A

Cell walls

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7
Q

Connective tissue

A

Cells embedded in an extracellular matrix (inside bones, cartilage etc). Used to support and protect organs

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8
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers, lines, protects, and secretes the body surface and cavities

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9
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Coordinates movement, uses electrical signals for communication

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10
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Powers locomotion, generates force to allow movement

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11
Q

What are considered “excitable” tissues?

A

Muscle and nervous

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12
Q

What is one thing that distinguishes animals from fungi, many protists and prokaryotes?

A

They produce sexually. They are made up of primarily DIPLOID somatic cells besides their gametes which are haploid. The haploid sperm and egg unite (fertilization or syngamy) to produce a diploid zygote

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13
Q

What are two examples of animals that have an asexual phase of life?

A

Cnidarians and flatworms

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14
Q

Two examples of animals that preform budding and fragmentation

A

Hydra and sea anemones

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15
Q

What is parthenogenesis?

A

A natural form of asexual reproduction where fertilization of an embryo is not needed to grow and develop. Their babies are always females because they had no dad to give them a Y chromosome so they can only be XX.

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16
Q

Steps of embryological development

A

1) Blastulation
2) Gastrulation
3) Neurulation

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17
Q

When is the blastocyst formed?

A

During gastrulation

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18
Q

What’s a blastocyst?

A

A ball of cells that forms early in a pregnancy after the sperm fertilizes the egg

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19
Q

Gastrulation

A

A developmental process in which an embryo transforms from a one-dimensional layer of blastula and reorganizes into a multilayered and multidimensional structure called the gastrula.

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20
Q

What is a blastopore?

A

The first opening into the embryo

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21
Q

Neurulation

A

The neural plate becomes the neural tube, which later becomes the brain and spinal cord

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22
Q

What do neural crest cells become?

A

The peripheral nervous system

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23
Q

What are the 3 stages of animal development in utero?

A

1) Zygote
2) Embryo
3) Fetus

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24
Q

Zygote

A

Formed after fertilization. Sperm transfers nuclei into oocyte (egg)

25
Q

Embryo

A

Formed after zygote implants into the tissue of the uterus. Will undergo Blastulation, then Gastrulation, then Neuralation

26
Q

Fetus

A

Once organogenesis is complete (all organs are formed, NOT mature) the embryo is now considered a fetus

27
Q

When is the Gastrula formed?

A

During Gastrulation

28
Q

HOX gene

A

A group of related genes that specify regions of the body plan of an embryo along the head-tail axis of animals.

(They make sure the correct structures form in the correct places)

29
Q

T/F: HOX genes are what code and create specific segments of an embryo’s body

A

FALSE: HOX genes do not form the actual segments themselves but rather code for the segmental identity

(They don’t DO the job, they ASSIGN the jobs)

30
Q

What are some features used to classify animals?

A

Symmetry, Number of tissue layers, Origin of mouth and anus, and body plan and cavities

31
Q

3 types of symmetry

A

1) Asymmetrical
2) Radial Symmetry
3) Bilateral Symmetry

32
Q

Asymmetrical

A

Lack of symmetry (ex. Sponges)

33
Q

Radial Symmetry

A

Arrangement around central axis. Good for encountering environment from any direction and for a stationary or planktonic lifestyle (ex. Cnidarians, ctenophores)

34
Q

Bilateral Symmetry

A

Divides body along right and left halves. Suited for moving forward, having collection of sense organs in head (ex. All other animals: dog, rabbit, snake, chicken, human….)

35
Q

Metazoa

A

Animals (specifically multicellular)

36
Q

Metazoa’s two subgroups

A

1) Parazoa
2) Eumetazoa

37
Q

Parazoa

A

No true tissues or symmetry aka sponges

38
Q

Eumetazoa

A

Animals with distinct tissues and symmetry (pretty much everything else besides sponges)

39
Q

Two types of Eumetazoa

A

Radiata and Bilaterata

40
Q

Radiata Vs Bilaterata

A

Radiata (Radial Symmetry, diploblasts)

Bilaterata (Bilateral Symmetry, triploblasts, has mesoderm)

41
Q

Diploblast

A

Has TWO germination layers

1) Ectoderm
2) Endoderm

42
Q

Triploblast

A

Has THREE germination layers

1) Ectoderm
2) MESODERM
3) Endoderm

43
Q

What does the ectoderm become?

A

Epidermis, hair, nervous system

44
Q

What does the mesoderm become?

A

Muscles, bones, cartilage, most organs and major blood vessels

45
Q

What does the endoderm become?

A

Inner lining of digestive tract organs, trachea, lungs

46
Q

What animals are Radiata?

A

Cnidarians and ctenophores

47
Q

What animals are Bilaterata

A

All other animals except jellyfish, corals, hydra, sea anemones, and comb jellies

48
Q

What is a coelom and what is derived from?

A

It leads to the development of body cavities, compartmentalization, connective tissues, and shock absorption.

Mesoderm

49
Q

What does the coelom become in mammals?

A

The abdominal and thoracic cavity

50
Q

Compare and Contrast Acoelomates, Pseudocoelomates, and Coelomates

A

Coelomate: have a body cavity that is lined with mesoderm

Acoelomate : have no true body cavity

Pseudocoelomate: have a body cavity, but it is not lined with mesoderm

51
Q

Bilateria is split into what two groups?

A

Acoelomates and those that do have coeloms

52
Q

Bilateria that do have coelom are split into what two groups? How are they differentiated?

A

Protostomes: Blastopore becomes the MOUTH, anus forms from the second opening (Proto = first)

Deuterostomes: Blastopore becomes the ANUS, mouth forms from second opening (deutero = second)

53
Q

Why can’t protostomes have twins but deuterostomes can?

A

Protostomes have determinate/spiral cleavage while deuterostomes have indeterminate/radial cleavage.

This means that Protostomes cannot just be split down the middle. Each cell determines a body part. Deuterostomes can be split down the middle and each cell is capable of living on its own.

54
Q

What is a Blastopore and when is it formed?

A

It connects the embryonic gut to the exterior of the gastrula and it is formed during gastrulation

55
Q

Why do scientists like to use ribosomal RNA sequences to compare animal relationships?

A

It is highly conserved, meaning there are not alot of differences across the natural world regarding it so it is easy to compare all animals with

56
Q

Where did most of today’s phyla originate from? What creature?

A

The Cambrian Explosion. One of the most rapid “explosions” of animal evolution due to massive adaptive radiation

Bilaterians: organisms that are bilaterally symmetric and have a complete and one way digestive tract

57
Q

What are some possible causes of the Cambrian explosion?

A

New predator-prey relationships

A rise in atmospheric oxygen (caused obligate aerobes to get bigger bc there was more oxygen to breath in so more ATP to be made)

The evolution of duplication and mutation in HOX genes

58
Q
A
59
Q

Why pour Hydrogen Peroxide on a cut?

A

The H2O2 reacts with SOD and Catalase creating bubbles of O2 production which poisons/suffocates obligate anaerobes. H2O2 also cleans the wound

BIOL 112 (14 decks)

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