Chapter 26 Flashcards

1
Q

What two enzymes are present in obligate aerobes (with oxygen) and absent in obligate anaerobes (without oxygen)?

A

SOD and Catalase

SOD makes H2O2 and Catalase breaks down H2O2 into O2 and H2O. It is aerobic because oxygen is needed because it is a reactive molecule.

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2
Q

What are the most recently evolved plants?

A

Angiosperms (flowering plants)

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3
Q

What type of grouping is non vascular plants (bryophytes) and seedless vascular plants?

A

Paraphyletic grouping

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4
Q

What type of grouping are gymnosperms and angiosperms?

A

Sister taxa

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5
Q

Angiosperms Vs Gymnosperms

A

Flower Vs Nonflowering
Seasonal Vs Evergreen
Triploid Vs haploid tissue
Enclosed seed Vs naked seed
Reproduce via flowers Vs via cones

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6
Q

Dormancy

A

Allows the “clock to be stopped” to survive harsh periods before germinating

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7
Q

What are some evolutionary significant benefits of seeds?

A

1) protects embryo
2) can be transported large distances
3) can stay dormant for long periods of time
4) provides nutrition for embryo

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8
Q

What is a seed coat and how is it made?

A

It’s a protective layer that protects the inside of the seed (the integument) and is made of an extra layer or two of sporophyte tissue that then hardens into seed coat

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9
Q

Means by which seeds can be dispersed:

A

1) Wind
2) Water
3) Animals (either by eating them or them sticking to them)
4) Explosions (Their pods dry and split open)

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10
Q

In seed plants, the _____ generation is the dominant generation. Explain why this is.

A

Sporophyte. In bryophytes and angiosperms, they do not produce things like spores so the gametophyte stage can only be seen in gametes (which we can not see) so they only present when they are in the sporophyte stage.

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11
Q

What are the 2 kinds of gametophytes in seed plants?

A

Micro-gametophyte and Mega-gametophyte

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12
Q

Micro Vs Mega gametophyte

A
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13
Q

Four phyla of gymnosperms

A

1) Coniferophyta
2) Cycadophyta
3) Gnetophyta
4) Ginkophyta

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14
Q

Phylum of angiosperm

A

Anthophyta

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15
Q

What do gymnosperms lack compared to angiosperms?

A

Flowers and fruits. They DO have their ovule exposed when their cones open during pollination

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16
Q

Two types of cones in gymnosperms

A

Ovulate cone (female/ovule) and Staminate come (pollen grains/sperm)

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17
Q

What phylum is pines, spruces, firs, and cedars?

A

Coniferophyta

18
Q

Difference between pollination and fertilization?

A

When a pollen grain arrives it’s POLLINATION, when it grows it’s pollen tube into the egg and transfers it’s nucleus it’s FERTILIZATION

19
Q

Life cycle of gymnosperms

A
20
Q

What is the microgametophyte in gymnosperms?

A

The pollen grains themselves

21
Q

What phylum is cycads?

A

Cycadophyta, they are slow growing gymnosperms of tropical and subtropical regions. They look like palm trees 😁🏝️

22
Q

What phylum are gentophytes and what are the 3 types?

A

Gnetophyta, they are gymnosperms with vessels in their xylem. The 3 types are Welwitschia, Ephedra, and Gnetum.

23
Q

What is Ephedra used for and how does it work?

A

Used as a stimulant and for weight loss. It’s a thermogenic compound so it increases energy (and temperature). It also is an osmotic diuretic (increase urine production) so the body becomes dehydrated and therefore loses weight

24
Q

What phylum are ginkgophytes and what’s an example? What is it used for?

A

Ginkgophyta, only living type is the ginkgo biloba. They were marketed as dietary supplements and claimed they enhance cognitive function but there has never been proof to back this up

25
Q
A
26
Q

Two types of Angiosperms

A

Monocots and Eudicots

27
Q

Difference between fruit and vegetables

A

If it has seeds it’s a fruit, a vegetable is just an edible part of a plant (like the root or the leaves)

28
Q

Monocot Vs Eudicot

A
29
Q

What is a flower?

A

An angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction

30
Q

What are the 3 big insect pollinators?

A

Butterflies, beetles, and bees 🦋🪲🐝

31
Q

Male parts of flower and female parts of flowers

A
32
Q

How are fruits formed and what is their purpose?

A

When the ovary wall thickens and matures. They protect the seed and help in dispersal

33
Q

Ovary becomes the ______
Ovule becomes the ______

A

Fruit, seed

34
Q

What are grains?

A

They are FRUITS of grasses, not SEEDS

35
Q

T/F: Monocots produce true wood

A

FALSE: only Eudicots produce true wood

36
Q

What is wood?

A

Proliferating xylem

37
Q

Life cycle of Angiosperm

A

One sperm fertilizes the egg and becomes the zygote, while the other combines with the two nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte and initiates development of food-storing 3n endosperm

38
Q

Plant Derived Medicines

A

Focus on first 4

39
Q

What do obligate anaerobes use as the terminal electron acceptors?

A

CO2 and SO42-

40
Q

What does double fertilization mean?

A

One sperm fertilizes the egg while the other combines with two nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte and initiates food storing 3n endosperm

41
Q

What medicine is made from the Belladonna plant and what is it’s use?

A

Atropine, eye pupil dilator

42
Q

What medicine is made from the Cinchona tree and what is it’s use?

A

Quinine, Malaria preventive