Chapter 26 Flashcards
What two enzymes are present in obligate aerobes (with oxygen) and absent in obligate anaerobes (without oxygen)?
SOD and Catalase
SOD makes H2O2 and Catalase breaks down H2O2 into O2 and H2O. It is aerobic because oxygen is needed because it is a reactive molecule.
What are the most recently evolved plants?
Angiosperms (flowering plants)
What type of grouping is non vascular plants (bryophytes) and seedless vascular plants?
Paraphyletic grouping
What type of grouping are gymnosperms and angiosperms?
Sister taxa
Angiosperms Vs Gymnosperms
Flower Vs Nonflowering
Seasonal Vs Evergreen
Triploid Vs haploid tissue
Enclosed seed Vs naked seed
Reproduce via flowers Vs via cones
Dormancy
Allows the “clock to be stopped” to survive harsh periods before germinating
What are some evolutionary significant benefits of seeds?
1) protects embryo
2) can be transported large distances
3) can stay dormant for long periods of time
4) provides nutrition for embryo
What is a seed coat and how is it made?
It’s a protective layer that protects the inside of the seed (the integument) and is made of an extra layer or two of sporophyte tissue that then hardens into seed coat
Means by which seeds can be dispersed:
1) Wind
2) Water
3) Animals (either by eating them or them sticking to them)
4) Explosions (Their pods dry and split open)
In seed plants, the _____ generation is the dominant generation. Explain why this is.
Sporophyte. In bryophytes and angiosperms, they do not produce things like spores so the gametophyte stage can only be seen in gametes (which we can not see) so they only present when they are in the sporophyte stage.
What are the 2 kinds of gametophytes in seed plants?
Micro-gametophyte and Mega-gametophyte
Micro Vs Mega gametophyte
Four phyla of gymnosperms
1) Coniferophyta
2) Cycadophyta
3) Gnetophyta
4) Ginkophyta
Phylum of angiosperm
Anthophyta
What do gymnosperms lack compared to angiosperms?
Flowers and fruits. They DO have their ovule exposed when their cones open during pollination
Two types of cones in gymnosperms
Ovulate cone (female/ovule) and Staminate come (pollen grains/sperm)
What phylum is pines, spruces, firs, and cedars?
Coniferophyta
Difference between pollination and fertilization?
When a pollen grain arrives it’s POLLINATION, when it grows it’s pollen tube into the egg and transfers it’s nucleus it’s FERTILIZATION
Life cycle of gymnosperms
What is the microgametophyte in gymnosperms?
The pollen grains themselves
What phylum is cycads?
Cycadophyta, they are slow growing gymnosperms of tropical and subtropical regions. They look like palm trees 😁🏝️
What phylum are gentophytes and what are the 3 types?
Gnetophyta, they are gymnosperms with vessels in their xylem. The 3 types are Welwitschia, Ephedra, and Gnetum.
What is Ephedra used for and how does it work?
Used as a stimulant and for weight loss. It’s a thermogenic compound so it increases energy (and temperature). It also is an osmotic diuretic (increase urine production) so the body becomes dehydrated and therefore loses weight
What phylum are ginkgophytes and what’s an example? What is it used for?
Ginkgophyta, only living type is the ginkgo biloba. They were marketed as dietary supplements and claimed they enhance cognitive function but there has never been proof to back this up
