Chapter 26

Question 1

What two enzymes are present in obligate aerobes (with oxygen) and absent in obligate anaerobes (without oxygen)?

Answer 1

SOD and Catalase

SOD makes H2O2 and Catalase breaks down H2O2 into O2 and H2O. It is aerobic because oxygen is needed because it is a reactive molecule.

Question 2

What are the most recently evolved plants?

Answer 2

Angiosperms (flowering plants)

Question 3

What type of grouping is non vascular plants (bryophytes) and seedless vascular plants?

Answer 3

Paraphyletic grouping

Question 4

What type of grouping are gymnosperms and angiosperms?

Answer 4

Sister taxa

Question 5

Angiosperms Vs Gymnosperms

Answer 5

Flower Vs Nonflowering
Seasonal Vs Evergreen
Triploid Vs haploid tissue
Enclosed seed Vs naked seed
Reproduce via flowers Vs via cones

Question 6

Dormancy

Answer 6

Allows the “clock to be stopped” to survive harsh periods before germinating

Question 7

What are some evolutionary significant benefits of seeds?

Answer 7

1) protects embryo
2) can be transported large distances
3) can stay dormant for long periods of time
4) provides nutrition for embryo

Question 8

What is a seed coat and how is it made?

Answer 8

It’s a protective layer that protects the inside of the seed (the integument) and is made of an extra layer or two of sporophyte tissue that then hardens into seed coat

Question 9

Means by which seeds can be dispersed:

Answer 9

1) Wind
2) Water
3) Animals (either by eating them or them sticking to them)
4) Explosions (Their pods dry and split open)

Question 10

In seed plants, the _____ generation is the dominant generation. Explain why this is.

Answer 10

Sporophyte. In bryophytes and angiosperms, they do not produce things like spores so the gametophyte stage can only be seen in gametes (which we can not see) so they only present when they are in the sporophyte stage.

Question 11

What are the 2 kinds of gametophytes in seed plants?

Answer 11

Micro-gametophyte and Mega-gametophyte

Question 12

Micro Vs Mega gametophyte

Answer 12

Question 13

Four phyla of gymnosperms

Answer 13

1) Coniferophyta
2) Cycadophyta
3) Gnetophyta
4) Ginkophyta

Question 14

Phylum of angiosperm

Answer 14

Anthophyta

Question 15

What do gymnosperms lack compared to angiosperms?

Answer 15

Flowers and fruits. They DO have their ovule exposed when their cones open during pollination

Question 16

Two types of cones in gymnosperms

Answer 16

Ovulate cone (female/ovule) and Staminate come (pollen grains/sperm)

Question 17

What phylum is pines, spruces, firs, and cedars?

Answer 17

Coniferophyta

Question 18

Difference between pollination and fertilization?

Answer 18

When a pollen grain arrives it’s POLLINATION, when it grows it’s pollen tube into the egg and transfers it’s nucleus it’s FERTILIZATION

Question 19

Life cycle of gymnosperms

Answer 19

Question 20

What is the microgametophyte in gymnosperms?

Answer 20

The pollen grains themselves

Question 21

What phylum is cycads?

Answer 21

Cycadophyta, they are slow growing gymnosperms of tropical and subtropical regions. They look like palm trees 😁🏝️

Question 22

What phylum are gentophytes and what are the 3 types?

Answer 22

Gnetophyta, they are gymnosperms with vessels in their xylem. The 3 types are Welwitschia, Ephedra, and Gnetum.

Question 23

What is Ephedra used for and how does it work?

Answer 23

Used as a stimulant and for weight loss. It’s a thermogenic compound so it increases energy (and temperature). It also is an osmotic diuretic (increase urine production) so the body becomes dehydrated and therefore loses weight

Question 24

What phylum are ginkgophytes and what’s an example? What is it used for?

Answer 24

Ginkgophyta, only living type is the ginkgo biloba. They were marketed as dietary supplements and claimed they enhance cognitive function but there has never been proof to back this up

Question 25

Question 26

Two types of Angiosperms

Answer 26

Monocots and Eudicots

Question 27

Difference between fruit and vegetables

Answer 27

If it has seeds it’s a fruit, a vegetable is just an edible part of a plant (like the root or the leaves)

Question 28

Monocot Vs Eudicot

Answer 28

Question 29

What is a flower?

Answer 29

An angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction

Question 30

What are the 3 big insect pollinators?

Answer 30

Butterflies, beetles, and bees 🦋🪲🐝

Question 31

Male parts of flower and female parts of flowers

Answer 31

Question 32

How are fruits formed and what is their purpose?

Answer 32

When the ovary wall thickens and matures. They protect the seed and help in dispersal

Question 33

Ovary becomes the ______
Ovule becomes the ______

Answer 33

Fruit, seed

Question 34

What are grains?

Answer 34

They are FRUITS of grasses, not SEEDS

Question 35

T/F: Monocots produce true wood

Answer 35

FALSE: only Eudicots produce true wood

Question 36

What is wood?

Answer 36

Proliferating xylem

Question 37

Life cycle of Angiosperm

Answer 37

One sperm fertilizes the egg and becomes the zygote, while the other combines with the two nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte and initiates development of food-storing 3n endosperm

Question 38

Plant Derived Medicines

Answer 38

Focus on first 4

Question 39

What do obligate anaerobes use as the terminal electron acceptors?

Answer 39

CO2 and SO42-

Question 40

What does double fertilization mean?

Answer 40

One sperm fertilizes the egg while the other combines with two nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte and initiates food storing 3n endosperm

Question 41

What medicine is made from the Belladonna plant and what is it’s use?

Answer 41

Atropine, eye pupil dilator

Question 42

What medicine is made from the Cinchona tree and what is it’s use?

Answer 42

Quinine, Malaria preventive