Chapter 25

Question 1

What are some adaptations land plants formed?

Answer 1

How to avoid desiccation, structural support, capturing sunlight, and dispersal of reproductive cells

Question 2

What are plants?

Answer 2

Multicellular, eukaryotic, photoautotrophs

Question 3

List some evolutionary advancements of plants

Answer 3

Question 4

Alternation of Generations

Answer 4

Alternation between two different life stages, or generations, in their life cycle; a haploid stage called gametophyte and a diploid stage called sporophyte. The terms haploid and diploid refer to the number of chromosomes contained in the cells.

Question 5

Where is the diploid embryo retained?

Answer 5

Within the tissue of female gametophytes

Question 6

How are nutrients transferred from parent to embryo in plants?

Answer 6

Through placental transfer

Question 7

What are land plants called and why?

Answer 7

Embryophytes, because of the dependency of the embryo on the parent

Question 8

What do spore walls contain?

Answer 8

Sporopollenin, which helps to prevent dedication and makes them resistant to harsh enviroments

Question 9

Where are gametes produced in seedless plants?

Answer 9

Within organs called gametangia

Question 10

What are the two types of gametangia?

Answer 10

Archegonia (Female: produce eggs and are the site of fertilization) and Antheridia (Male: produce and release sperm)

Question 11

What contributes to plants’ continual growth throughout their life?

Answer 11

The apical meristem. Cells from the apical meristem eventually differentiate into various tissues and it can be found in different plant tissues

Question 12

What is the function of the root cap?

Answer 12

Protects the elongating root and acts like a wedge

Question 13

What is a derived trait land plants developed to prevent dessication?

Answer 13

Waxy covering

Question 14

Stomata

Answer 14

Specialized cells that allow for gas exchange between the outside air and the plant

Question 15

What three things may have allowed plants to make the transition to a terrestrial (land based) environment?

Answer 15

Developing waxy cuticle, developing stomata, and mycorrhiza

Question 16

What is mycorrhiza?

Answer 16

A symbiotic association between fungi and land plants

Question 17

Answer 17

Know these!!

Question 18

How did land plants make themselves stronger?

Answer 18

They evolved more rigid molecules in their stems for support and so they could grow taller (so they could get more sunlight 🫶)

Question 19

How do plants deter predators?

Answer 19

They use poisonous (and sometimes bad tasting) secondary metabolites such as alkaloids

Question 20

What is the closest living relative of land plants?

Answer 20

Chara (a type of green algae)

Question 21

What is another name for non vascular plants?

Answer 21

Bryophytes

Question 22

The antheridium produces _____ sperm, while the archegonium produces _____ egg.

Answer 22

many, a single

Question 23

What is needed in order for moss to be fertilized?

Answer 23

Water (the sperm need it to swim to the egg)

Question 24

What are the two types of vascular tissue?

Answer 24

Xylem and Phloem

Question 25

Function of xylem

Answer 25

Mechanical strength, support, and transport of water

Question 26

Function of phloem

Answer 26

Transport sugar, proteins, and other solutes

Question 27

What helps establish mycorrhiza and also the absorption of minerals especially phosphorus?

Answer 27

Roots

Question 28

Megaphylls

Answer 28

Larger leaves with a branch pattern

Question 29

Microphylls

Answer 29

Long flattened lateral leaves

Question 30

Sporophyll

Answer 30

Leaves that are modified to bear sporangia (like ferns or flowers)

Question 31

Strobili

Answer 31

cone line structures that contain sporangia

Question 32

Monocot vs Dicot

Answer 32

Question 33

What are the two clades of of seedless plants?

Answer 33

Phylum Lycophyta (mosses and qulitworts) and Phylum Monilophyta (ferns, horsetail, etc.)