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BIOL 112 > Chapter 29 > Flashcards

Chapter 29 Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of Deuterostomes

A

1) Echinoderms
2) Chordates

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2
Q

Phylum Echinoderms

A

Adults - Pentaradial Symmetry
Larval - Bilateral Symmetry

  • Capable of Regeneration
  • Water Vascular System
  • Nerve Ring
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3
Q

Phylum Chordata

A

5 TRAITS:

1) Notochord
2) Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord
3) Pharyngeal Gill Slits
4) Post Anal Tail
5) Endostyle/ Thyroid Gland

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4
Q

5 Classes of Echinodermata

A

Asteroidea: Sea Stars
Ophiuroidea: Brittle Stars
Echinoidea: Sea urchins, sand dollars
Crinoidea: Sea Lilies
Holothuroidea: Sea cucumbers

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5
Q

What is a madreporite

A

The enterance to the water vascular system

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6
Q

What is unique to echinoderms?

A

Their water vascular system: a network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet that help with feeding and movement

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7
Q

Adult echinoderms have ______ symmetry, while larval have _______ symmetry

A

Radial (usually multiples of 5), Bilateral

Secondarily pentaradial

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8
Q

Regeneration

A

A form of asexual reproduction that is a type of fission called autotomy (casting off a part of the body)

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9
Q

How do Echinoderms move and grip surfaces?

A

Using their tube feet, which grip substrate using adhesive chemicals

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10
Q

Asteroidea

A

Sea Stars and Sea Daisies

Sea Stars feed on bivalves, have tube feet, have multiple arms radiating from a central disk

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11
Q

Ophiuroidea

A

Brittle Stars

Have a unique central disk, some are predators and scavengers while other are suspension feeders, have tube feet

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12
Q

Echinoidea

A

Sea urchins and sand dollars

Have no arms but have five rows of tube feet. Sea urchins have muscles that can pivot their spines (which have toxins in them)

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13
Q

Crinoidea

A

Sea Lillies and Feather Stars

Both are suspension/filtration feeders, look like plants but aren’t!!

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14
Q

Holothuroidea

A

Sea Cucumbers

Lack a spine, have a reduced endoskeleton, and don’t look much like other echinoderms

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15
Q

What is the special relationship holothuroidea have?

A

They have a commensalistic relationship with a certain type of fish. The fish hides in it’s GI tract. The fish gets nutrition and the sea cucumber gets nothing 🧍‍♀️🗿

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16
Q

3 subphylum’s of chordata

A

1) Urochordata (tunicates/sea squirts)
2) Cephalochordata (lancelet)
3) Vertebrata

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17
Q

Urochordata

A

Tunicates

Covered in tunicin, larvae resembles tadpoles (they have more chordate characteristic than the adults)

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18
Q

Cephalochordata

A

Lancelets

Small filter feeders, bury in substrate

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19
Q

General Order of Evolution

A

1) Cyanobacteria, fungi, and protists
2) small plants and fungi
3) first animals
4) tall plants
5) Tiktaalik
6) first amniotes
7) first reptiles

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20
Q

What are Myxini and Peteromyzontida

A

Sister taxa

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21
Q

What is the outgroup of deuterostomes

A

Echinodermata

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22
Q

What are Reptilia and Mammalia

A

Sister taxa

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23
Q
A
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24
Q
A
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25
What is an endostyle?
A longitudinal ciliated groove on the ventral wall of the pharynx, which produces mucus to gather food particles
26
What happens to the endostyle in larval lampreys?
It metamorphoses into the thyroid gland in adults. It is homologous to the thyroid gland in vertebrates
27
What does the thyroid gland do?
Controls hormones of metabolism (thyroxin)
28
What are tetrapods?
Vertebrates with limbs (Amphibia, Reptilia, mammals)
29
What is a notochord?
a longitudinal flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve cord
30
What does the notochord become in higher vertebrates?
The intervertebral disks
31
What does the dorsal hollow nerve cord develop into?
The central nervous system: the brain and spinal cord
32
What are pharyngeal gill slits?
Pharyngeal clefts develop into slits that open to outside the body Function in… 1) feeding 2) gas exchange 3) mucus production
33
What do pharyngeal gill slits turn into?
They develop into parts of the ear, head, neck, and jaw in TETRAPODS
34
What is a post anal tail used for?
Motion, defense, burrowing, and courtship rituals
35
What is unique about tunicates?
They are highly derived and have fewer HOX genes than other vertebrates (9 HOX genes instead of at least 13) !!!
36
Homeobox genes
A DNA sequence (part of a gene) that’s 180 base pairs long. Found within genes that are involved in the regulation of patterns of embryological development
37
PAX genes
Paired Box genes that code for TISSUE SPECIFIC transcription factors. Pax proteins are important for earth animal development for the specification of specific tissues * turns totipotent and undifferentiated cells into differentiated!
38
HOX vs PAX genes
HOX: Codes for segments and parts PAX: Tells tissues what to become
39
5 types of vertebrae
Cervical (7) Thoracic-attached to ribs (12) Lumbar (5) Sacral (5) Caudal (4)
40
Cyclostomes
Jawless fish, both are cartilaginous 2 types: Hagfish and Lampreys (sister Taxa)
41
Hagfish
Jawless, Produce slime as a defense and to catch food and some are scavengers
42
Lampreys
Aka Peteromyzontida, Jawless, Have rows of sharp teeth, some attach to fish and others are filter feeders
43
Gnathostomes
Jawed fish
44
Chondrichthyes
Cartilaginous fish Sharks, skates, rays
45
Osteichthyes
Bony Fish 2 Types: Actinopterygii (ray finned fish) & Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)
46
What are some unique characteristics of Chondrichthyes?
- modified placoid scales - Ampullae of Lorenzini: detects electromagnetic fields of living things - Lateral line: detects movement and vibrations in the water (All these help them be great predators!)
47
What is a unique feature of sharks?
They have a short digestive tract with a ridge called the spiral valve that increases the digestive surface area
48
3 types of ways eggs can be layed
Oviparous: Laying eggs Ovoviviparous: The embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished by the egg yolk (Egg hatches inside body and comes out mom alive) SHARKS!! Viviparous: The embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished through a yolk sac placenta from the mother’s blood (live birth)
49
What is a cloaca?
Where the reproductive tract, excretory system, and digestive tract empty into (One hole for everything as opposed to separate ones. A vent)
50
What are osteichthyans?
Bony fish and tetrapods (Anything with bones)
51
How do fish breath?
By drawing in water over their gills, which are protected by an operculum (flap that covers the gills and protects them just like our ribs do)
52
What is unique about Actinopterygii?
Their fins are supported by long flexible rays (hence “ray finned fishes”) and are modified for maneuvering, defense, and other functions
53
List of animals with pouches
1)Terrestrial Isopods 2) Pygamy “marsupial” Frog 3) Sea Horses 4) Marsupials
54
What are some Fundaments of Evolutions?
Camouflage, Increase surface area, Males try-females decide, life starts in water, natural selection and adaptation
55
Where are 4 limbs (tetrapods) thought to have originated from?
Sarcopterygii and their lobed fins
56
What is thought to be the link between lobed finned fish and 4 legged amphibians?
Tiktaalik
57
Trans-cutaneous respiration
How amphibians preform gas exchange through their moist skin
58
Paedomorphosis
The retention of juvenile features in sexually mature organisms, common in aquatic species ^Salamanders!!
59
What is significant about caecilians?
They were involved in an “evolutionary reversal”. Their ancestors had legs then evolved a legless state
60
What are amniotes named after?
Their amniotic egg, which contains extra embryonic membranes like the amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois
61
Function of Allantois
Becomes umbilical vessels in higher vertebrates
62
Function of Chorion
Becomes fetal contribution to placenta in higher vertebrates
63
Function of Amnion
Secretes amniotic fluid and acts as a “shock absorber”
64
Function of Yolk Sac
Nutrition source, first site of RBC biosynthesis in most vertebrates
65
What was a key adaption to life on land?
The amniotic egg (it won’t dedicate!!)
66
Anapsid
No fenestra!! (Turtles)
67
Synapsid
One fenestra! (Mammals)
68
Diapsid
Two fenestras! (Birds and reptiles)
69
What is a fenestra?
A pore in an anatomical structure, in this context a hole in the head
70
Most reptiles are _______
ECTOthermic, they absorb external heat as their main source of body heat
71
Most birds are _______
ENDOthermic, they are capable of maintaining body temperature through metabolism
72
What are some traits that prevent dessication?
Waxy cuticles, feathers, scales, oily skin
73
When did dinosaurs stop being the dominant vertebrate?
65 million years ago (there have been 5 major mass extinction events)
74
What does the dorsal shell surface form from?
The carapace forms from the ribs
75
What are some modified traits birds have for flight?
1) feathers (modified scales) 2) Hollow bones 3) Sternum in shape of keel 4) Large pectoral muscles 5) Efficient respiration
76
Some functions of feathers
Flight, insulation, courtship rituals
77
Archaeopteryx
Second transitional fossil!! Intermediate to birds and dinosaurs
78
What are some derived characteristics of birds from reptiles?
1) wings (convergent evolution) 2) lack of urinary bladder 3) females with only one ovary 4) small gonads 5) loss of teeth 6) cloaca 7) large pectoral muscles
79
What is a rete mirabile?
A complex of arteries and veins lying very close to eachother, found in some vertebrates (mainly warm blooded). It acts as a countercurrent exchanger and maintains a heat gradient
80
Why do penguins feet not stick to the ice?
Because of rete mirabile!! When they jump out of the water all the blood leaves their feet so that they won’t stick when they land!!
81
What distinguishes mammals?
- endothermic - hair - mammary glands - types of teeth indicate their diet
82
Heterodont
Different types of teeth, humans are great examples
83
Order Monotremes
Mammals that lay eggs!! Their eggs are leathery like turtle eggs and they have no teeth!! Platypus and echidnas
84
Order Marsupials
Embryo continues development in a pouch
85
Eutherians
True placental mammals (most mammals)
86
Order Primates
Lemurs, monkeys, apes, humans 2 types… 1) Prosimians - smaller brain, nocturnal, Lemurs and bush babies 2) Anthropoids - monkeys, apes, humans
87
Order Lagomorph
Rabbits, hares, picas
88
Order Cetaceans
Whales, dolphins, porpoises
89
Order Rodentia
Squirrels, beavers, rats, porcupines, mice (Opposable thumbs, forward facing eyes, cerebral cortex, omnivorous)
90
Anthropoids
Resembling a human but not a true homo sapien Old World Monkeys (Africa and Asia) - apes, chimps, gorillas, orangutans, humans New World Monkey (South America)
91
What are humans closet relative?
Chimps, but we are considered apes
92
How did humans rise to the top of the food chain?
- Our larger brains with a prefrontal cortex (helped with out cognition, deep thoughts, and reason) - our complex social behavior and parental care -Bipedalism -Learning how to cook and improving our nutrition, which helped our brains develop in size and function
93
hominins
Animals that more closely resembled humans than chimps
94
T/F: Human evolution is like a ladder leading directly to homo sapiens
FALSE: Hominin evolution included many other branches of coexisting species but only humans survived to today
95
What is an important adaptation caused from bipedalism?
Pelvic bones began to widen, this allowed for newborns to have larger heads/brains
96
Most inclusive to least inclusive order of humans
1) Primates 2) Anthropoids 3) Apes 4) Hominins 5) Homo (genus name) 6) Sapiens (species name)

BIOL 112 (14 decks)

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