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BIOL 112 > Chapter 29 > Flashcards

Chapter 29 Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of Deuterostomes

A

1) Echinoderms
2) Chordates

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2
Q

Phylum Echinoderms

A

Adults - Pentaradial Symmetry
Larval - Bilateral Symmetry

  • Capable of Regeneration
  • Water Vascular System
  • Nerve Ring
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3
Q

Phylum Chordata

A

5 TRAITS:

1) Notochord
2) Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord
3) Pharyngeal Gill Slits
4) Post Anal Tail
5) Endostyle/ Thyroid Gland

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4
Q

5 Classes of Echinodermata

A

Asteroidea: Sea Stars
Ophiuroidea: Brittle Stars
Echinoidea: Sea urchins, sand dollars
Crinoidea: Sea Lilies
Holothuroidea: Sea cucumbers

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5
Q

What is a madreporite

A

The enterance to the water vascular system

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6
Q

What is unique to echinoderms?

A

Their water vascular system: a network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet that help with feeding and movement

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7
Q

Adult echinoderms have ______ symmetry, while larval have _______ symmetry

A

Radial (usually multiples of 5), Bilateral

Secondarily pentaradial

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8
Q

Regeneration

A

A form of asexual reproduction that is a type of fission called autotomy (casting off a part of the body)

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9
Q

How do Echinoderms move and grip surfaces?

A

Using their tube feet, which grip substrate using adhesive chemicals

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10
Q

Asteroidea

A

Sea Stars and Sea Daisies

Sea Stars feed on bivalves, have tube feet, have multiple arms radiating from a central disk

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11
Q

Ophiuroidea

A

Brittle Stars

Have a unique central disk, some are predators and scavengers while other are suspension feeders, have tube feet

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12
Q

Echinoidea

A

Sea urchins and sand dollars

Have no arms but have five rows of tube feet. Sea urchins have muscles that can pivot their spines (which have toxins in them)

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13
Q

Crinoidea

A

Sea Lillies and Feather Stars

Both are suspension/filtration feeders, look like plants but aren’t!!

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14
Q

Holothuroidea

A

Sea Cucumbers

Lack a spine, have a reduced endoskeleton, and don’t look much like other echinoderms

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15
Q

What is the special relationship holothuroidea have?

A

They have a commensalistic relationship with a certain type of fish. The fish hides in it’s GI tract. The fish gets nutrition and the sea cucumber gets nothing 🧍‍♀️🗿

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16
Q

3 subphylum’s of chordata

A

1) Urochordata (tunicates/sea squirts)
2) Cephalochordata (lancelet)
3) Vertebrata

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17
Q

Urochordata

A

Tunicates

Covered in tunicin, larvae resembles tadpoles (they have more chordate characteristic than the adults)

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18
Q

Cephalochordata

A

Lancelets

Small filter feeders, bury in substrate

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19
Q

General Order of Evolution

A

1) Cyanobacteria, fungi, and protists
2) small plants and fungi
3) first animals
4) tall plants
5) Tiktaalik
6) first amniotes
7) first reptiles

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20
Q

What are Myxini and Peteromyzontida

A

Sister taxa

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21
Q

What is the outgroup of deuterostomes

A

Echinodermata

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22
Q

What are Reptilia and Mammalia

A

Sister taxa

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23
Q
A
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24
Q
A
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25
Q

What is an endostyle?

A

A longitudinal ciliated groove on the ventral wall of the pharynx, which produces mucus to gather food particles

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26
Q

What happens to the endostyle in larval lampreys?

A

It metamorphoses into the thyroid gland in adults. It is homologous to the thyroid gland in vertebrates

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27
Q

What does the thyroid gland do?

A

Controls hormones of metabolism (thyroxin)

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28
Q

What are tetrapods?

A

Vertebrates with limbs

(Amphibia, Reptilia, mammals)

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29
Q

What is a notochord?

A

a longitudinal flexible rod between the digestive tube and nerve cord

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30
Q

What does the notochord become in higher vertebrates?

A

The intervertebral disks

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31
Q

What does the dorsal hollow nerve cord develop into?

A

The central nervous system: the brain and spinal cord

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32
Q

What are pharyngeal gill slits?

A

Pharyngeal clefts develop into slits that open to outside the body

Function in…
1) feeding
2) gas exchange
3) mucus production

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33
Q

What do pharyngeal gill slits turn into?

A

They develop into parts of the ear, head, neck, and jaw in TETRAPODS

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34
Q

What is a post anal tail used for?

A

Motion, defense, burrowing, and courtship rituals

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35
Q

What is unique about tunicates?

A

They are highly derived and have fewer HOX genes than other vertebrates (9 HOX genes instead of at least 13) !!!

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36
Q

Homeobox genes

A

A DNA sequence (part of a gene) that’s 180 base pairs long. Found within genes that are involved in the regulation of patterns of embryological development

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37
Q

PAX genes

A

Paired Box genes that code for TISSUE SPECIFIC transcription factors. Pax proteins are important for earth animal development for the specification of specific tissues

  • turns totipotent and undifferentiated cells into differentiated!
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38
Q

HOX vs PAX genes

A

HOX: Codes for segments and parts

PAX: Tells tissues what to become

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39
Q

5 types of vertebrae

A

Cervical (7)
Thoracic-attached to ribs (12)
Lumbar (5)
Sacral (5)
Caudal (4)

40
Q

Cyclostomes

A

Jawless fish, both are cartilaginous

2 types: Hagfish and Lampreys (sister Taxa)

41
Q

Hagfish

A

Jawless, Produce slime as a defense and to catch food and some are scavengers

42
Q

Lampreys

A

Aka Peteromyzontida, Jawless, Have rows of sharp teeth, some attach to fish and others are filter feeders

43
Q

Gnathostomes

A

Jawed fish

44
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

Cartilaginous fish

Sharks, skates, rays

45
Q

Osteichthyes

A

Bony Fish

2 Types: Actinopterygii (ray finned fish) & Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)

46
Q

What are some unique characteristics of Chondrichthyes?

A
  • modified placoid scales
  • Ampullae of Lorenzini: detects electromagnetic fields of living things
  • Lateral line: detects movement and vibrations in the water

(All these help them be great predators!)

47
Q

What is a unique feature of sharks?

A

They have a short digestive tract with a ridge called the spiral valve that increases the digestive surface area

48
Q

3 types of ways eggs can be layed

A

Oviparous: Laying eggs

Ovoviviparous: The embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished by the egg yolk (Egg hatches inside body and comes out mom alive) SHARKS!!

Viviparous: The embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished through a yolk sac placenta from the mother’s blood (live birth)

49
Q

What is a cloaca?

A

Where the reproductive tract, excretory system, and digestive tract empty into

(One hole for everything as opposed to separate ones. A vent)

50
Q

What are osteichthyans?

A

Bony fish and tetrapods

(Anything with bones)

51
Q

How do fish breath?

A

By drawing in water over their gills, which are protected by an operculum (flap that covers the gills and protects them just like our ribs do)

52
Q

What is unique about Actinopterygii?

A

Their fins are supported by long flexible rays (hence “ray finned fishes”) and are modified for maneuvering, defense, and other functions

53
Q

List of animals with pouches

A

1)Terrestrial Isopods
2) Pygamy “marsupial” Frog
3) Sea Horses
4) Marsupials

54
Q

What are some Fundaments of Evolutions?

A

Camouflage, Increase surface area, Males try-females decide, life starts in water, natural selection and adaptation

55
Q

Where are 4 limbs (tetrapods) thought to have originated from?

A

Sarcopterygii and their lobed fins

56
Q

What is thought to be the link between lobed finned fish and 4 legged amphibians?

A

Tiktaalik

57
Q

Trans-cutaneous respiration

A

How amphibians preform gas exchange through their moist skin

58
Q

Paedomorphosis

A

The retention of juvenile features in sexually mature organisms, common in aquatic species

^Salamanders!!

59
Q

What is significant about caecilians?

A

They were involved in an “evolutionary reversal”. Their ancestors had legs then evolved a legless state

60
Q

What are amniotes named after?

A

Their amniotic egg, which contains extra embryonic membranes like the amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois

61
Q

Function of Allantois

A

Becomes umbilical vessels in higher vertebrates

62
Q

Function of Chorion

A

Becomes fetal contribution to placenta in higher vertebrates

63
Q

Function of Amnion

A

Secretes amniotic fluid and acts as a “shock absorber”

64
Q

Function of Yolk Sac

A

Nutrition source, first site of RBC biosynthesis in most vertebrates

65
Q

What was a key adaption to life on land?

A

The amniotic egg (it won’t dedicate!!)

66
Q

Anapsid

A

No fenestra!! (Turtles)

67
Q

Synapsid

A

One fenestra! (Mammals)

68
Q

Diapsid

A

Two fenestras! (Birds and reptiles)

69
Q

What is a fenestra?

A

A pore in an anatomical structure, in this context a hole in the head

70
Q

Most reptiles are _______

A

ECTOthermic, they absorb external heat as their main source of body heat

71
Q

Most birds are _______

A

ENDOthermic, they are capable of maintaining body temperature through metabolism

72
Q

What are some traits that prevent dessication?

A

Waxy cuticles, feathers, scales, oily skin

73
Q

When did dinosaurs stop being the dominant vertebrate?

A

65 million years ago (there have been 5 major mass extinction events)

74
Q

What does the dorsal shell surface form from?

A

The carapace forms from the ribs

75
Q

What are some modified traits birds have for flight?

A

1) feathers (modified scales)

2) Hollow bones

3) Sternum in shape of keel

4) Large pectoral muscles

5) Efficient respiration

76
Q

Some functions of feathers

A

Flight, insulation, courtship rituals

77
Q

Archaeopteryx

A

Second transitional fossil!!

Intermediate to birds and dinosaurs

78
Q

What are some derived characteristics of birds from reptiles?

A

1) wings (convergent evolution)

2) lack of urinary bladder

3) females with only one ovary

4) small gonads

5) loss of teeth

6) cloaca

7) large pectoral muscles

79
Q

What is a rete mirabile?

A

A complex of arteries and veins lying very close to eachother, found in some vertebrates (mainly warm blooded). It acts as a countercurrent exchanger and maintains a heat gradient

80
Q

Why do penguins feet not stick to the ice?

A

Because of rete mirabile!!

When they jump out of the water all the blood leaves their feet so that they won’t stick when they land!!

81
Q

What distinguishes mammals?

A
  • endothermic
  • hair
  • mammary glands
  • types of teeth indicate their diet
82
Q

Heterodont

A

Different types of teeth, humans are great examples

83
Q

Order Monotremes

A

Mammals that lay eggs!!

Their eggs are leathery like turtle eggs and they have no teeth!!

Platypus and echidnas

84
Q

Order Marsupials

A

Embryo continues development in a pouch

85
Q

Eutherians

A

True placental mammals (most mammals)

86
Q

Order Primates

A

Lemurs, monkeys, apes, humans

2 types…
1) Prosimians - smaller brain, nocturnal, Lemurs and bush babies
2) Anthropoids - monkeys, apes, humans

87
Q

Order Lagomorph

A

Rabbits, hares, picas

88
Q

Order Cetaceans

A

Whales, dolphins, porpoises

89
Q

Order Rodentia

A

Squirrels, beavers, rats, porcupines, mice

(Opposable thumbs, forward facing eyes, cerebral cortex, omnivorous)

90
Q

Anthropoids

A

Resembling a human but not a true homo sapien

Old World Monkeys (Africa and Asia) - apes, chimps, gorillas, orangutans, humans

New World Monkey (South America)

91
Q

What are humans closet relative?

A

Chimps, but we are considered apes

92
Q

How did humans rise to the top of the food chain?

A
  • Our larger brains with a prefrontal cortex (helped with out cognition, deep thoughts, and reason)
  • our complex social behavior and parental care

-Bipedalism

-Learning how to cook and improving our nutrition, which helped our brains develop in size and function

93
Q

hominins

A

Animals that more closely resembled humans than chimps

94
Q

T/F: Human evolution is like a ladder leading directly to homo sapiens

A

FALSE: Hominin evolution included many other branches of coexisting species but only humans survived to today

95
Q

What is an important adaptation caused from bipedalism?

A

Pelvic bones began to widen, this allowed for newborns to have larger heads/brains

96
Q

Most inclusive to least inclusive order of humans

A

1) Primates
2) Anthropoids
3) Apes
4) Hominins
5) Homo (genus name)
6) Sapiens (species name)

BIOL 112 (14 decks)

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