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BIOL 112 > Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

4 types of shapes in Viruses

A

1) Filamentous
2) Isometric
3) Enveloped
4) Complex/ Head and Tail

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2
Q

Filamentous

A

Long, thin, worm like shape

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3
Q

Isometric

A

Spherical shaped

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4
Q

Enveloped

A

Have membrane that surrounds the capsid

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5
Q

Complex/ Head and Tail

A

Infects bacteria and have a head that is similar to isometric viruses and a tail shaped like a helical virus

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6
Q

Where do DNA viruses replicate?

A

In the nucleus

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7
Q

Where do RNA viruses replicate?

A

In the cytoplasm

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8
Q

Why do mutations happen at a very high rate in RNA viruses?

A

Because RNA polymerase does not have proof-reading capabilities

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9
Q

Steps of Viral Infection

A

1) Attachment
2) Entry
3) Replication and Assembly
4) Egress (Release)

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10
Q

What were Robert Koch’s 4 postulated to prove a casual relationship between a microorganism and an individual through his study on anthrax?

A

1) The microorganism must be present in every case of disease and absent from healthy individuals

2) The causing agent must be isolated and grow in a pure culture

3) The same disease must result when the cultured microorganism is used to infect a healthy host

4) The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host

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11
Q

What are the two domains of Prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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12
Q

Describe a Prokaryotic chromosome

A

A single, circular, double stranded DNA. No histones (basic proteins that DNA wrap around)

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13
Q

4 main ways Bacteria and Archaea Differ?

A

1) Plasma Membrane
2) Cell walls
3) DNA replication
4) Gene expression

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14
Q

Bacteria Vs Archaea (plasma membrane)

A

Bacteria membranes are made of unbranched lipids using ESTER bonds, Archaea membranes are formed on a glycerol skeleton with ETHER bond

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15
Q

Bacteria Vs Archaea (cell wall)

A

Bacteria has peptidoglycan, Archaea does not

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16
Q

Bacteria Vs Archaea (DNA replication)

A
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17
Q

Bacteria Vs Archaea (Gene Expression)

A
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18
Q

How are plasmids passed during DNA replication in prokaryotes?

A

Via conjugation

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19
Q

What does gyrase do in prokaryotic cells?

A

DNA gyrase makes super coils in their ONE chromosome

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20
Q

What are the two major groups most species of bacteria are divided into?

A

Gram positive and gram negative

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21
Q

Gram Positive Vs Gram Negative Bacteria

A

Both groups have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan, but gram + is thicker than gram -

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22
Q

3 basic bacterial shapes

A
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23
Q

Is Archaea or Bacteria more closely related to Eukarya?

A

Archaea

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24
Q

Two types of prokaryotes

A

Archaea and bacteria

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25
Q

5 phyla of bacteria

A

1) Chlamydia
2) Gram positive
3) Spirochetes
4) Cyanobacteria
5)Proteobacteria

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26
Q

5 types of proteobacteria

A

Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon

27
Q

Sister Taxa of proteobacteria

A

Beta and Gamma, Delta and Epsilon, and Alpha is on its own

28
Q

Proteobacteria are gram _____

A

negative and include photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophs

29
Q

What subgroup do scientist hypothesize mitochondria evolved from?

A

Primitive, aerobic alpha Proteobacteria through endosymbioisis

30
Q

3 types of symbiosis

A

Mutualism (both benefit), parasitism (one benefits one is harmed), and commensalism (one benefits one is unaffected)

31
Q

What type of bacteria causes gonorrhea?

A

Beta Proteobacteria

32
Q

Example of gamma Proteobacteria

A

Salmonella, causes vomiting and diarrhea which can lead to dehydration and an electrolyte imbalance

33
Q

Example of delta Proteobacteria

A

Slime secreting myxobacteria that produces drought resistance

34
Q

Example of epsilon Proteobacteria

A

Helicobacter pylori, causes stomach ulcers by bacteria excreting exotoxins

35
Q

What are chlamydias and what can they cause?

A

A type of bacteria that is a parasite that lives within animals cells. It can cause blindness and nongonococcal urethritis

36
Q

Spirochetes

A

A type of bacteria that is helical heterotrophs

37
Q

Examples of spirochetes

A

Lyme disease (caused by type that is a parasite) and syphilis

38
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Type of bacteria that is a photoautotroph that generates O2 (only plant like one, nitrogen fixation)

39
Q

What can Cyanobacteria be used for?

A

They produce oils that can be used as biofuels

40
Q

What can gram positive bacteria form?

A

Endospores

41
Q

Gram positive bacteria bacillus anthracis can make what?

A

Anthrax

42
Q

Staph and strep are what types of bacteria?

A

Gram positive

43
Q

What are the smallest know cells and what group do they belong to?

A

Mycoplasms, gram positives

44
Q

Bacteria have ____ small ribosomal subunits and ____ large ribosomal subunits, creating ____ overall

A

30s, 50s, 70S

45
Q

List 3 things bacteria has that eukarya does not

A

1) enzyme called gyrase
2) peptidoglycan
3) 1 RNA polymerase and 5 DNA polymerase (eukarya have 3 RNA polymerase)

46
Q

4 ways bacteria fight antibiotics

A

1) fortify their cell wall making it harder for it to get it
2) pumps that pump it out as soon as it gets in
3) enzymes that degrade the antibiotic
4) spores (gram +)

47
Q

Explain how peptidoglycan and gargling salt water are connected

A

Gargling salt water creates a hypertonic solution so it sucks fluid out of the bacteria in the back of your throat, which causes them to shrivel up and die

48
Q

Explain how gram staining works

A

Gram + bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan wall and stain purple, Gram - bacteria have less peptidoglycan in their cell wall and cannot retain purple so it stains pink

49
Q

What is a S layer and what is an example?

A

Rigid paracrystalline layer found in some bacteria and archaea, outside of peptidoglycan layer. An example is oral biofilms (fuzzy teeth 🤢😬)

50
Q

What do capsules do for some bacteria?

A

They are a gelatinous layer that can be sticky which aids in attachment. It can also act as a biofilm that protects the cell from the immune system

51
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Movement of a motile cell or organism

52
Q

2 example of chemotaxis

A

Flagella (tail) and pili (short hairlike structures)

53
Q

What type of bacteria are pili found?

A

Gram -

54
Q

Endospore

A

A tough thick wall created around the genome of a gram + bacteria that allows the bacterium to produce a dormant and highly resistant cell to preserve the cell’s genetic material in times of extreme stress (kinda like putting it in zip lock bag )

55
Q

Some examples of endospores

A

Tetanus, botulism, anthrax

56
Q

Why should you take all your antibiotics prescribed even if you feel better?

A

You start to feel better when you have killed all the bacteria with no defenses, but you need to keep taking the meds in order to overwhelm the ones with defenses

57
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

Asexually through binary fission

58
Q

Mitochondrias and binary fission

A

Mitochondrias cannot promote genetic diversity through binary fission (bc it’s just an exact copy) but they can mutate so that can create genetic diversity

59
Q

3 types of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria and archaea

A

Conjugation (cell to cell contact), transduction (through bacteriophages), and transformation (take in free DNA from environment)

60
Q

R (resistance) plasmids

A

R plasmids are resistant plasmids that carry resistance to antibiotics, toxic metals, and growth inhibitors for the host cell. A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently.

61
Q

How does E. coli work?

A

Produces Shiga toxin that inhibits protein synthesis. Makes you dehydrated which leads to a electrolyte imbalance.

62
Q

2 types of beneficial prokaryotes

A

Decomposer (bacteria and fungi), and fixers who reduce N2 to NH3 which creates usable Nitrogen

63
Q

Why do we take a human gene for making insulin for example and make a bacteria that can make the human insulin for us?

A

Bc bacteria can make it way faster

64
Q

What is peptidoglycan?

A

rigid envelope surrounding the cytoplasmic membrane of most bacteria

BIOL 112 (14 decks)

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