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BIOL 112 > Chapter 20 > Flashcards

Chapter 20 Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

When ONE species evolved into many different species VERY quickly!

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2
Q

Systematics

A

Reconstruction and study of evolutionary relationships

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3
Q

Cladogram

A

AKA phylogenetic tree, a family tree among taxonomic groups

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4
Q

How many…
Clades?
Branch Points?
Sister Taxa?
Nodes?

A

Clades: 4
Branch Points: 4
Sister Taxa: 2
Nodes: 4

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5
Q

What does it mean if a trait appears on the cladogram at multiple times?

A

It is an analogous trait

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6
Q

Cladistics

A

Process to arrange tax by homologous characters into clades

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7
Q

What type of grouping is a clade?

A

Monophyletic

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8
Q

Monophyletic group

A

AKA a Clade, is a group of organisms that includes the most recent common ancestor and ALL it’s decendents

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9
Q

Paraphyletic group

A

A group that still contains the most recent common ancestor but NOT all it’s decedents

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10
Q

Polyphyletic group

A

A group of two convergent descendants which do not have a direct common ancestor, they will share similar traits through convergent evolution

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11
Q

Synapomorphy

A

A derived but shared characteristic of trait

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12
Q

Rule of Parsimony

A

In regards to phylogenetic trees, choose the simplest cladogram with the fewest steps or events

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13
Q

Polytomy

A

A branch from which more than two groups emerge: 3 or more Taxa coming off of a node

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14
Q

When does Adaptive Radiation usually occur?

A

After mass extinctions or the recent inhabitation of a new organism into the area

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15
Q

Homology

A

A similar trait due to shared ancestry (but might not share a similar function)

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16
Q

Analogy

A

AKA Homoplasy. A similar trait due to convergent evolution, not because of the same evolutionary path

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17
Q

Homoplasy

A

Analogous structures within different species, which resemble each other and have the same functions, but did not have a common ancestral origin. (They are still analogous traits though!!!)

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18
Q

How can a structure be both homologous and analogous?

A

Bat and bird wings for example are homologous as forelimbs, but analogous as functional wings

19
Q

What do scientists use to establish the phylogeny of a group of organisms (Cladistics)

A

Homologous Structures

20
Q

Why do you want to avoid polyphyletic grouping?

A

It is important to know the most recent common ancestor, so scientists will instead reclassify the organisms if the evidence suggests they are polyphyletic

21
Q

Outgroup vs Ingroup on Character Table

A

The outgroup shares no characteristics with the primitive, while those in the i group share one or more characteristic with it’s primitive ancestor

22
Q

What is an apomorphy represented by on a character table? Pleisomorphy?

A

An apomorphy is represented by a 1, while a pleisomorphy is represented by a 0

23
Q

Derived Vs Ancestral Traits

A

Ancestral traits are shared throughout the larger group. Derived traits are present only in a smaller group

24
Q

Autapomorphy

A

A derived but unique characteristic or trait

25
Q

Apomorphy

A

A derived characteristic or trait

26
Q

Plesiomorphy

A

An ancestral characteristic or trait

27
Q

What determines the most parsimonious tree?

A

The tree with the fewest branches and/or fewest traits on the tree while still being a correct tree

28
Q

Phenetics vs Cladistics

A

Phenetics is a method of classifying organisms based on structural and morphological characteristics, while Cladistics is a method of classifying organisms based on their ancestry and evolutionary relationships

29
Q

Maximum Parsimony Vs Maximum Likelihood

A

Maximum Parsimony assumes that the tree that requires the least amount of shared derived characters is most likely, while Maximum Likelihood uses DNA to group organisms

30
Q

Phylogenetic Species Concept

A

Species is a population or set of populations characterized by one or more shared derived characters

31
Q

Vertical gene transfer

A

DNA transferred from parent to offspring

32
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

Genetic material transferred from one species to another

33
Q

What are the 5 types of Horizontal Gene Transfer?

A

Transformation, Transduction, Conjugation, Transfection, Transposons

34
Q

Transformation

A

When DNA fragment from a dead, degraded bacterium enters a competent recipient bacterium and is exchanged for a piece of DNA of the recipient.

35
Q

Transduction

A

When a virus transfers genetic material from one bacterium to another

36
Q

Conjugation

A

When there is a transfer of DNA from a living donor bacterium to a living recipient bacterium by cell-to-cell contact.

37
Q

Transfection

A

When DNA is introduced to a multicellular organism (eukaryotic cell) by nonviral methods

38
Q

Transposons

A

Jumping genes!

39
Q

Endosymbiostic Theory of Eukaryotic Orgin

A

A theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once their own primitive bacteria and was engulfed (predator/prey), but then evolved into a eukaryotic cell like we have today

40
Q

Why is it likely that our world started off as an RNA planet?

A

Because RNA molecules are more stable and replicate more quickly which would have helped create DNA

41
Q

Protocells

A

Probably some of the first types of cells with lipid bilayers and may have formed fluid filled vesicles with a membrane-like structure

42
Q

The Alkaline Vent Hypothesis

A

A hypothesis of hydrocarbons that came from deep sea vents that were full of tiny pores. These pores could create a pH gradient which is an essential component in energy producing molecules like ATP

43
Q

How is it proposed that the Horizontal Gene Theory created eukaryotes?

A

Although the HGT mainly involves prokaryotic cells, it is theorized that eukaryotes evolved from a pool of prokaryotes, some with mitochondria and some with chloroplast

BIOL 112 (14 decks)

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