Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chem 2730 > Chapter 33 The Structure of Informational Macromolecules:DNA and RNA > Flashcards

Chapter 33 The Structure of Informational Macromolecules:DNA and RNA Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Chemistry flashcards Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the Adenine structure look like?

A

It has the purine base( hexagon connected to a pentagon) and then a NH bonded to the H on top that turns into a NH2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the Guanine structure look like?

A

It has the purine base( hexagon connected to a pentagon) and then A oxygen double bonded to the top

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the Cytosine structure look like?

A

It has a pyrimidine base( A hexagon) and a NH2 bonded to the top

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the Uracil look like?

A

It has a pyrimidine base( A hexagon) and a oxygen double bonded to the top

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the Thymine structure look like?

A

It has a pyrimidine base( A hexagon) and a oxygen double bonded to the top and a CH3 single bonded to the right of the oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are Nucleosides?

A

Riboses with a 1’-nitrogenous base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Whats the difference in ribose and deoxyribose structure?

A

In ribose there is an OH at the 2’ spot and in deoxyribose there is only a H at the 2’ spot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a Bets-Glycosidic Linkage in a Nucleoside?

A

It is a bond between the anomeric carbon and the nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a Adenosine?

A

It is a local hormone and neuromodulator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ribose + Adenine=

A

Adenosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Ribose + guanine =

A

Guanosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ribose + Cytosine=

A

Cytidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ribose + Uracil=

A

Uridine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ribose + Hypoxanthine=

A

Inosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Deoxyribose + Thymine=

A

Thymidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Deoxyribose + Adenine =

A

Deoxyadenosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Deoxyribose + Guanine

A

Deoxyguanosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Deoxyribose + Cytosine=

A

Deoxycytidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a Nucleotide and what is the structure of it?

A

A nucleotide = Nucleosides+phosphate. The structure includes Ribose-5’-phosphate+Nitrogenous base.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are cAMP and cGMP and what do they do?

A

They are second messengers and are important in intracellular “signal transduction”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are Nucleic Acids composed of ?

A

They are long, linear polymers constructed from four types of monomers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is each monomer consist of in a Nucleic Acid?

A

They consist of sugar, a phosphate and a base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the information content of the Nucleic acid?

A

The sequence of the bases is the information content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does the backbones of DNA and RNA consist of?

A

The sugars linked by phosphodiester bridges between the 3’-hydroxyl of one sugar and the 5’-hydroxyl of an adjacent sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Bases are attached to ________________ in the _______

A

carbon atom 1’,sugar

26
Q

What do the Phosphodiester bonds link?

A

The 3’ OH to the 5’ OH

27
Q

What do the backbone and side chains of a nucleic acid consist of?

A

Backbone=Sugar-Phosphate
Side chains=Bases

28
Q

Where are the sugar phosphate backbones and the bases located on the helix?

A

The sugar phosphate backbones are on the outside of the helix and the bases are on the inside of the helix

29
Q

The bases are nearly ___________________ to the axis of the helix with the ___________ bases separated by ______

A

perpendicular, adjacent, 3.4 angstrom

30
Q

How wide is the Helix

A

Approximately 20 angstrom wide

31
Q

What is the double helix stabilized by?

A

By hydrogen bonds between base pairs as well as by hydrophobic interactions and van Der Waals forces called stacking forces, between adjacent bases

32
Q

What contributes the most to the stability of the double helix?

A

The base stacking

33
Q

Why are G-C pairs stronger than A-T bond?

A

Because G-C has 3 hydrogen bonds but the A-T only has 2 hydrogen bonds

34
Q

What is the difference between the A and B form of the double helix ?

A

The A form is shorter and Widder the the B form, with the bases at an angle rather than perpendicular to the helix axis.

35
Q

What is the Z form DNA?

A

It is a left handed helix in which backbone Phosphoryl groups zigzag

36
Q

What are Palindromes?

A

This is when the DNA strands read the same forward and backward.

37
Q

The unwound DNA and the supercoiled form are _______________________ of each other.

A

Topological isomers

38
Q

Linear DNA molecules can also form superhelices when packaged into _________________

A

Chromosomes

39
Q

There are ___ meters of DNA in a human cell, packaged into __ chromosomes

A

3.6 , 46

40
Q

What helps with the compacting of the DNA

A

the supercoiling and some compaction occurs by binding certain proteins to the DNA

41
Q

What is a chromatin?

A

It is the entire complex of a cell’s DNA and its. associated proteins.

42
Q

Which highly basic proteins are components of chromatin?

A

Histones

43
Q

What is a Nucleosome composed of?

A

Two copies each of histones H2A,H2B,H3,H4 and 200 base pairs of DNA

44
Q

Nucleosomes are joined by _____________, to which ______________ binds, so that the histone-DNA complex has the appearance of beads on a string

A

Linker DNA, Histone H1

45
Q

What is a RNA structure composed of ?

A

Its usually single stranded and usually a right handed helix

46
Q

How are most genes regulated?

A

This happens when the RNA comes and bind to the DNA

47
Q

In Eukaryotes, DNA is made and stored where?

A

Nucleus

48
Q

Where is the DNA information transcribed into RNA?

A

Nucleus

49
Q

In eukaryotes, where are proteins made?

A

In the cytoplasm according to information stored in the DNA

50
Q

What is a Monocistronic?

A

RNA that encodes 1 polypeptide

51
Q

What is a Polycistronic?

A

RNA that encodes 2 or more polypeptides

52
Q

what helps carry the amino acids to the mRNA for protein assembly?

A

Transfer RNA

53
Q

What is the catalytic component of the Ribosome and what does it help with?

A

Ribosomal RNA and it is a machine for assembling proteins

54
Q

What is MicroRNA?

A

About 22 base pairs, double stranded RNA molecules that regulate the expression of mRNA.

55
Q

What is Long non coding RNA-IncRNA?

A

Longer RNA transcripts that regulate gene transcription.

56
Q

What happens to the DNA double helix at a high temperature or extremes of pH?

A

It denatures, H-bonds are broken, bases unstack , and the strands separate.

57
Q

What is Hyperchromicity ?

A

This is when Denaturation is detected by an increase in uv absorption of the single strands.

58
Q

What is Hypochromicity?

A

This is when Renautration of the double helix causes a decrease in uv absorption.

59
Q

Why do G-C bonds denature at a higher temperature compared to A-T bonds in DNA

A

its because of the 3 hydrogen bonds in G-C and A-T has only 2 hydrogen bonds

60
Q

If DNA contained U instead of T, how would enzymes react?

A

IF they find a U they convert it back to T, aka deamination

61
Q

What is Depurination?

A

It is when it repairs the damaged DNA by looking at the complimentary strand to check what is suppose to be in the first strand.

62
Q

How does the UV light damage the DNA structure?

A

It causes the two same nucleotide bases to form covalent bonds and it causes kinking in the DNA

Chem 2730 (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions