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Chem 2730 > Chapter 33 The Structure of Informational Macromolecules:DNA and RNA > Flashcards

Chapter 33 The Structure of Informational Macromolecules:DNA and RNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the Adenine structure look like?

A

It has the purine base( hexagon connected to a pentagon) and then a NH bonded to the H on top that turns into a NH2

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2
Q

What does the Guanine structure look like?

A

It has the purine base( hexagon connected to a pentagon) and then A oxygen double bonded to the top

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3
Q

What does the Cytosine structure look like?

A

It has a pyrimidine base( A hexagon) and a NH2 bonded to the top

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4
Q

What does the Uracil look like?

A

It has a pyrimidine base( A hexagon) and a oxygen double bonded to the top

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5
Q

What does the Thymine structure look like?

A

It has a pyrimidine base( A hexagon) and a oxygen double bonded to the top and a CH3 single bonded to the right of the oxygen

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6
Q

What are Nucleosides?

A

Riboses with a 1’-nitrogenous base

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7
Q

Whats the difference in ribose and deoxyribose structure?

A

In ribose there is an OH at the 2’ spot and in deoxyribose there is only a H at the 2’ spot

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8
Q

What is a Bets-Glycosidic Linkage in a Nucleoside?

A

It is a bond between the anomeric carbon and the nitrogen

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9
Q

What is a Adenosine?

A

It is a local hormone and neuromodulator

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10
Q

Ribose + Adenine=

A

Adenosine

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11
Q

Ribose + guanine =

A

Guanosine

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12
Q

Ribose + Cytosine=

A

Cytidine

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13
Q

Ribose + Uracil=

A

Uridine

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14
Q

Ribose + Hypoxanthine=

A

Inosine

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15
Q

Deoxyribose + Thymine=

A

Thymidine

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16
Q

Deoxyribose + Adenine =

A

Deoxyadenosine

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17
Q

Deoxyribose + Guanine

A

Deoxyguanosine

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18
Q

Deoxyribose + Cytosine=

A

Deoxycytidine

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19
Q

What is a Nucleotide and what is the structure of it?

A

A nucleotide = Nucleosides+phosphate. The structure includes Ribose-5’-phosphate+Nitrogenous base.

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20
Q

What are cAMP and cGMP and what do they do?

A

They are second messengers and are important in intracellular “signal transduction”

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21
Q

What are Nucleic Acids composed of ?

A

They are long, linear polymers constructed from four types of monomers.

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22
Q

What is each monomer consist of in a Nucleic Acid?

A

They consist of sugar, a phosphate and a base

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23
Q

What is the information content of the Nucleic acid?

A

The sequence of the bases is the information content

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24
Q

What does the backbones of DNA and RNA consist of?

A

The sugars linked by phosphodiester bridges between the 3’-hydroxyl of one sugar and the 5’-hydroxyl of an adjacent sugar

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25
Q

Bases are attached to ________________ in the _______

A

carbon atom 1’,sugar

26
Q

What do the Phosphodiester bonds link?

A

The 3’ OH to the 5’ OH

27
Q

What do the backbone and side chains of a nucleic acid consist of?

A

Backbone=Sugar-Phosphate
Side chains=Bases

28
Q

Where are the sugar phosphate backbones and the bases located on the helix?

A

The sugar phosphate backbones are on the outside of the helix and the bases are on the inside of the helix

29
Q

The bases are nearly ___________________ to the axis of the helix with the ___________ bases separated by ______

A

perpendicular, adjacent, 3.4 angstrom

30
Q

How wide is the Helix

A

Approximately 20 angstrom wide

31
Q

What is the double helix stabilized by?

A

By hydrogen bonds between base pairs as well as by hydrophobic interactions and van Der Waals forces called stacking forces, between adjacent bases

32
Q

What contributes the most to the stability of the double helix?

A

The base stacking

33
Q

Why are G-C pairs stronger than A-T bond?

A

Because G-C has 3 hydrogen bonds but the A-T only has 2 hydrogen bonds

34
Q

What is the difference between the A and B form of the double helix ?

A

The A form is shorter and Widder the the B form, with the bases at an angle rather than perpendicular to the helix axis.

35
Q

What is the Z form DNA?

A

It is a left handed helix in which backbone Phosphoryl groups zigzag

36
Q

What are Palindromes?

A

This is when the DNA strands read the same forward and backward.

37
Q

The unwound DNA and the supercoiled form are _______________________ of each other.

A

Topological isomers

38
Q

Linear DNA molecules can also form superhelices when packaged into _________________

A

Chromosomes

39
Q

There are ___ meters of DNA in a human cell, packaged into __ chromosomes

A

3.6 , 46

40
Q

What helps with the compacting of the DNA

A

the supercoiling and some compaction occurs by binding certain proteins to the DNA

41
Q

What is a chromatin?

A

It is the entire complex of a cell’s DNA and its. associated proteins.

42
Q

Which highly basic proteins are components of chromatin?

A

Histones

43
Q

What is a Nucleosome composed of?

A

Two copies each of histones H2A,H2B,H3,H4 and 200 base pairs of DNA

44
Q

Nucleosomes are joined by _____________, to which ______________ binds, so that the histone-DNA complex has the appearance of beads on a string

A

Linker DNA, Histone H1

45
Q

What is a RNA structure composed of ?

A

Its usually single stranded and usually a right handed helix

46
Q

How are most genes regulated?

A

This happens when the RNA comes and bind to the DNA

47
Q

In Eukaryotes, DNA is made and stored where?

A

Nucleus

48
Q

Where is the DNA information transcribed into RNA?

A

Nucleus

49
Q

In eukaryotes, where are proteins made?

A

In the cytoplasm according to information stored in the DNA

50
Q

What is a Monocistronic?

A

RNA that encodes 1 polypeptide

51
Q

What is a Polycistronic?

A

RNA that encodes 2 or more polypeptides

52
Q

what helps carry the amino acids to the mRNA for protein assembly?

A

Transfer RNA

53
Q

What is the catalytic component of the Ribosome and what does it help with?

A

Ribosomal RNA and it is a machine for assembling proteins

54
Q

What is MicroRNA?

A

About 22 base pairs, double stranded RNA molecules that regulate the expression of mRNA.

55
Q

What is Long non coding RNA-IncRNA?

A

Longer RNA transcripts that regulate gene transcription.

56
Q

What happens to the DNA double helix at a high temperature or extremes of pH?

A

It denatures, H-bonds are broken, bases unstack , and the strands separate.

57
Q

What is Hyperchromicity ?

A

This is when Denaturation is detected by an increase in uv absorption of the single strands.

58
Q

What is Hypochromicity?

A

This is when Renautration of the double helix causes a decrease in uv absorption.

59
Q

Why do G-C bonds denature at a higher temperature compared to A-T bonds in DNA

A

its because of the 3 hydrogen bonds in G-C and A-T has only 2 hydrogen bonds

60
Q

If DNA contained U instead of T, how would enzymes react?

A

IF they find a U they convert it back to T, aka deamination

61
Q

What is Depurination?

A

It is when it repairs the damaged DNA by looking at the complimentary strand to check what is suppose to be in the first strand.

62
Q

How does the UV light damage the DNA structure?

A

It causes the two same nucleotide bases to form covalent bonds and it causes kinking in the DNA

Chem 2730 (31 decks)

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