Chapter 1 and lecture 2

Question 1

Proteins

Answer 1

• highly versatile biomolecules
• has many roles like signal molecules, receptors for signal molecules and enzymes and biological catalysts.

Question 2

what is a nucleic acid?

Answer 2

information molecules of the cell

Question 3

what is the DNA nucleic acid consist of?

Answer 3

• double helix of polymers
• four nucleotide bases, A,G,C and T, A pairs with T and G pairs with C

Question 4

What is the RNA nucleic acid consist of?

Answer 4

• single stranded polymer
  -bases A, G, C ,and U
• isn’t only single stranded it can form doubles stranded too

Question 5

What are Lipids?

Answer 5

-storage form of fuel
- serve as barrier
- function as both fuel and signal molecules

Question 6

what do lipids consist of ?

Answer 6

have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.

Question 7

what are carbohydrates?

Answer 7

• important fuel source
  -ex.Glucose is a common carb

Question 8

what group of enzymes help replicate DNA

Answer 8

-DNA polymerase

Question 9

List the Steps of Central Dogma?

Answer 9

• DNA gets replicated
  -Transcription takes place and convert DNA to RNA
  -Translation takes place and converts mRNA into Protein.

Question 10

What catalyzes transcription

Answer 10

-RNA polymerase

Question 11

what does the translation occur within?

Answer 11

-Ribosomes

Question 12

Eukaryotes

Answer 12

-Membrane enclosed compartments inside the cell

Question 13

Prokaryotes

Answer 13

• lack intracellular membranes

Question 14

function of Plasma Membrane

Answer 14

-Separates the inside of the cell from the outside
-impermeable to biomolecules
-selective permeability occurs cuz of the presence associated with the membrane

Question 15

What does the Plant vacuoles help with?

Answer 15

-helps keep the cell rigid by increasing the pressure inside the cell.
-store water, ions and various nutrients

Question 16

Mitochondria

Answer 16

-Primary site of the ATP generation in eukaryotic cells
-90% of the cells energy is generated in the mitochondria

Question 17

Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)

Answer 17

a series of membranous sacs in the cytoplasm

Question 18

What does the Rough ER consists of ?

Answer 18

• it has ribosomes and plays a role in protein processing

Question 19

What does the Smooth ER consists of ?

Answer 19

-Lacks ribosomes and plays a variety of biochemical roles

Question 20

Golgi Complex

Answer 20

-A series of stacked membranes that play a role in protein sorting

Question 21

Exocytosis

Answer 21

• the process where secretory granules secrete biomolecules

Question 22

Endocytosis

Answer 22

• process of bringing crucial biomolecules into the cell

Question 23

what is an endosome?

Answer 23

the structure that forms when the plasma membrane invaginates and buds off

Question 24

Phagocytosis

Answer 24

-the process when large amounts of materials can be taken into the cell

Question 25

Lysosome

Answer 25

-contain a variety of digestive enzymes
- fuses with endosomes to digest material brought into the cell.

Question 26

Nucleophiles

Answer 26

-A molecule that looks to donate electrons

Question 27

Electrophile

Answer 27

-A molecule that looks to acquire electrons.

Question 28

1st law of Thermodynamics

Answer 28

-The energy of the universe is constant

Question 29

2nd law of Thermodynamics

Answer 29

-The entropy of the universe increases

Question 30

Endothermic

Answer 30

-If delta H is positive, heat is absorbed(ice melts)

Question 31

Exothermic

Answer 31

-If delta H is negative, heat is evolved(glucose oxidation)